GRAMMAR 01 Flashcards
MAY
PUEDE
WILL BE ABLE = CAN
The doctor WILL BE ABLE to see you tomorrow
MIGHT
PODRÍA
HAD (+)
I HAD ALREADY ARRIVED BY NOON
YET (-)
THE MEETING HADN’T YET BEGUN WHEN WE ARRIVED
MUST
DEBE, TIENE QUE
MUST
TAMBIÉN SE USA PARA HACER CONCLUSIONES
YOU LOOK AWFUL
YOU MUST BE IN A LOT OF PAIN (CONCLUSION)
THE DOCTOR SAID I SHOULD COME IN NEXT WEEK
IT MUST NOT BE AN EMERGENCY
AWFUL
HORRENDO, TERRIBLE
MOST LIKELY
MUY PROBABLEMENTE
PROBABLY
Después de be; antes de negaciones y antes de otros verbos
# They're PROBABLY at the dentist # She PROBABLY isn't feeling well # He PROBABLY forgot the appointment
Se puede usar PROBABLY o MOST LIKELY al comienzo de una oración en aras de hacer una conclusión
# PROBABLY she's a teacher # MOST LIKELY he forgot the appointment
MAY BE = PUEDE SER
MAYBE = TAL VEZ, QUIZÁ
She MAY BE a doctor
NUNCA: She MAYBE a doctor (Ella tal vez doctora ?????)
MAYBE she’s a doctor
TAL VEZ ella es doctora
Los causativos son 3 verbos que se usan para que una persona convenza u ordene a otra persona (cosa) hacer algo.
Los verbos causativos son tres: GET (Convencer) HAVE (Dar instrucciones) MAKE (Mandar) Se puede decir que HAVE = MAKE
I GET the company TO BUY a new car
Cuando se usa GET el verbo va en INFINITIVO es decir precedido de TO
Convencí a la compañía de comprar un carro nuevo
They GOT the students TO CLEAN UP the class room
Convencieron a los estudiantes de limpiar el salón
You HAVE my assistant PLAN the meeting
Cuando se usa HAVE y MAKE el verbo va en BASE FORM, es decir NO está precedido de TO
Usted solicitó a mi asistente planear la reunión
They HAD the bellman BRING the guest’s bags
Solicitaron al botones traer las maletas de los invitados
I MAKE my brother HELP me finish the job
Ordené a mi hermano ayudarme a terminar el trabajo
They MADE him SIGN the form
Le ordenaron firmar el formato
You can HAVE he DO that for you
Nótese que a pesar de ser TERCERA PERSONA el verbo va en BASE FORM. No va DOES
Puede pedirle a él que haga eso para usted
LET se usa para dar permiso
She LET her sister WEAR her favorite skirt
Ella dejó a su hermana vestir su falda favorita
LET no va con S al final
My boss LET me TAKE the day off
I DON’T LET my children STAY out after 9:00
Why DON’T you LET me HELP you?
Por qué no me deja ayudarlo?
El pasivo causativo
Dos verbos HAVE y GET que se combinan con participio
El participio NO está precedido de TO
HAVE = GET = LOGRAR
No se usa MAKE
I HAD my suits DRY-CLEANED
LOGRÉ que mis vestidos FUERAN lavados
THEY’RE HAVING the office PAINTED tomorrow
Ellos lograron que la oficina SEA pintada mañana
She CAN GET her sandals REPAIRED in an hour
Ella logró que sus sandalias FUERAN reparadas en una hora
We’re HAVING the office painted BY Royal Services
Logramos que la oficina fuera pintada por Royal Services
TO QUOTE
ABRIR COMILLAS
TO UNQUOTE
CERRAR COMILLAS
MARTHA TOLD ME “BE HOME BEFORE THE SNOWSTORM”
MARTHA TOLD ME TO BE HOME BEFORE THE SNOWSTORM
EVERYONE IS SAYING “GET READY FOR A BIG STORM”
EVERYONE IS SAYING TO GET READY FOR A BIG STORM
MARÍA ALWAYS TELLS HIM “DON’T LEAVE YOUR DOORS OPEN”
MARÍA ALWAYS TELLS HIM NOT TO LEAVE HIS DOORS OPEN
CAUSATIVO. SON 3 VERBOS PARA DAR ÓRDENES
GET, HAVE AND MAKE
Verbos en pasado que terminan en D o T se pronuncia ED
DOWNLOADED, PAINTED
Todas las demás terminaciones DIFERENTES a T o D se pronuncian con T FINAL
RepaiRED (Ripairt), ShorteNED (Shortent)
NOUN CLAUSE
GRUPO DE PALABRAS QUE FUNCIONAN COMO UN SUSTANTIVO
I didn’t know (that) he wrote that book
I THINK that GH’s books are fantastic
En las respuestas se puede usar SO para reemplazar una NOUN CLAUSE. Seguido de verbos como THINK, GUESS etc.
DOES he HAVE a new book out? I think SO
También pueden estar precedidas de ADJETIVOS no sólo de VERBOS
WE are not surprised (that) his new book is excellent
Where does the story take place?
I guess that the history takes place in Fómeque
What does GH usually write about?
I think that he writes about biographies
OJO la pregunta y la respuesta en el MISMO TIEMPO
What kind of book IS he GOING TO write?
I hope he IS GOING TO write a novel
NUNCA “I hope he writes a novel”
Embedded questions
Llevan signo de interrogación cuando empiezan con palabra interrogativa.
Tell me if that magazine is good
Sin interrogación
Could you tell me if you read the newspaper?
Lleva signo al final
Can you tell me who it’s written for?
Do you know where the writer IS from?
If I HAVE headache. Está mal. Siempre tiene que ir en pasado
IF I HAD HEADACHE
Reportar lo que alguien dijo
Los verbos van en INFINITIVO, precedidos de TO o NOT TO cuando sea necesaria una negación.
Peter said, “Be careful if you go out”
se convierte en
Peter said TO BE careful if you go out.
Marina says “Don’t go out without a full tank of gas”
Marina says NOT TO GO out without a full tank OF gas.
She told Dan, “Call me tomorrow”
She told Dan TO CALL HER the next day. (Se debe arreglar la frase para darle sentido)
USE TELL WHEN YOU MENTION THE LISTENER
USE SAY WHEN YOU DON’T MENTION THE LISTENER
Maggie TOLD HER PARENTS TO STAY home
MAGGIE SAID TO STAY home
Cuando SAY y TELL están en pasado, los verbos también
Presenté se vuelve pasado
Pasado ED se vuelve Pasado Perfecto HAD
They said, “The weather IS awful”
They said (that) the weather was awful
Dan said, “We all had the flu”
Dan said (that) They all HAD HAD the flu
Hay 3 casos en los que es OPCIONAL el cambio de tiempo
- Cuando la oración se refiere a algo que apenas acaban de decir
I just heard the news. They said a storm is coming
I just heard the news. They said a storm was coming
JUNTAS SON VÁLIDAS
- Cuando se refiere a algo que es verdadero
May told us she wants to get a flu shot tomorrow
También
May told us she wanted to get a flu shot tomorrow
- Cuando se refiere a una verdad aceptada, que no tiene duda
They said English is an international language
They said English was an international language
JUNTAS SON VÁLIDAS
I WAS GOING TO GET MARRIED
THEY WERE GOING TO STUDY
WAS SHE GOING TO STUDY LAW?
WERE YOU GOING TO TRAVEL TO AUSTRALIA?
WEREN’T YOU GOING TO STUDY LAW?
Yes, I was OR No, I wasn’t
Where were they going to work?
Who was going to teach this class?
Were you going to study with her?
WOULD
Le pone al verbo la terminación RÍA
She thought she would be a doctor
We believed they would get married
They said they would pay for their studies
They said they were going to arrive before noon
INCORRECTO She would be a doctor CORRECTO She thought she would be a doctor She was going to be a doctor
No se puede usar would SÓLO, sin anteponer un verbo
MODALES:
SHOULD
DEBERÍA
OUGHT TO
DEBERÍA
MAY
PUEDE
MIGHT
PODRÍA
Use BE GOING to express a plan
I’m going to call a dentist
INCORRECTO
I will call a dentist
SHOULD HAVE
DEBIÓ
Para CRITICAR, o expresar ARREPENTIMIENTO
MUST HAVE + PARTICIPIO PASADO
DEBIÓ
TO DRAW CONCLUSIONS
WOULD HAVE, COULD HAVE
PARA EXPRESAR POSIBILIDADES IRREALES
MAY HAVE OR MIGHT HAVE
PUEDE O PODRÍA
PARA ESPECULAR
I SHOULD HAVE STUDIED MEDICINE
ARREPENTIMIENTO
SHE SHOULDN’T HAVE DIVORCED
CRÍTICA
I MAY HAVE FAILED THE FINAL EXAM. IT WAS SO HARD
I MIGHT HAVE FAILED …..
ESPECULACIONES
He MAY not have been able to make a living as a painter
He MIGHT not have been ….
It’s bad he broke up with Anne. They would have been happy together
POSIBILIDADES IRREALES, COSAS QUE PUDIERON SER
He COULD HAVE prevented the accident
COSAS QUE PUDIERON SER
Beth is drunk. He must have drunk a lot of wine
They don’t buy the house. The price MUST NOT HAVE BEEN acceptable
DRAW CONCLUSIONS
A MARIACHI SINGER IS SOMEONE WHO (THAT) SINGS TRADITIONAL MEXICAN MUSIC
CARNAVAL IS A HOLIDAY FOR PEOPLE WHO (THAT) LIKE PARADES
THANKSGIVING IS A CELEBRATION THAT TAKES PLACE IN NOVEMBER (NO PUEDE IR WHO)
THE PARADE THAT CONMEMORATE THIS DAY IS GOOD
NUNCA: THE PARADE THAT CONMEMORATE THIS DAT IT IS GOOD (NO PUEDE IR EL PRONOMBRE)
THE PERSON WHO (THAT) COMES FOR DINNER SHOULD BRING A GIFT
THE PERSON WHO (WHOM, THAT) YOU INVITE FOR DINNER SHOULD BRING A GIFT
THE PERSON YOU INVITE FOR DINNER SHOULD BRING A GIFT
NUNCA: THE PERSON COMES FOR DINNER SHOULD BRING A GIFT
A WHO, WHOM, THAT LOS PUEDE REEMPLAZAR UN PRONOMBRE
I, YOU, HE, ETC
THE MAN WE INVITE TO THE PARTY IS FROM FÓMEQUE
THE DRESS THAT SHE’S WEARING IS CALLED CHEONGSAM
SE PUEDE OMITIR
THE DRESS SHE’S WEARING IS CALLED CHEONSANG
ANZAC DAY IS A HOLIDAY WICH PEOPLE CELEBRATE IN AUSTRALIA
ANZAC DAY IS A HOLIDAY PEOPLE CELEBRATE IN AUSTRALIA
SUSTANTIVOS, NO CONTABLES, QUE REPRESENTAN IDEAS ABSTRACTAS.
Se usa cuando se refiere a cosas GENERALES no PARTICULARES
NO LLEVAN “THE”
VAN EN SINGULAR
EDUCATION IS AN IMPORTANT ISSUE
NO ⭐️ THE EDUCATION IS AN IMPORTANT ISSUE ⭐️
NO ⭐️ EDUCATIONS ARE IMPORTANT ISSUE ⭐️
POVERTY WAS THE TOPIC OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
CANDIDATES HAVE PROGRAMS FOR EDUCATION
WHY DON’T
POR QUÉ NO
I GET my brother TO SELL his car
I HAVE the students CLEAN the board
I MAKE the employee WASH my shoes
Dígalos en PASADO
I GOT my brother TO SELL his car
I HAD the students CLEAN the board
I MADE the employee WASH my shoes
