Gramática Flashcards

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1
Q

SUBJECT PRONOUNS
(1st, 2nd, 3rd-person)
(formal, informal)
(singular, plural)

A
  • first person:
    singular: yo
    plural: nosotros, nosotras
  • second person, informal:
    singular: tú
    plural: ustedes; vosotros, vosotras (Spain-only)
  • second person, formal:
    singular: usted
    plural: ustedes
  • third person:
    singular: él, ella
    plural: ellos, ellas
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2
Q

LAS FECHAS (su estructura)

A

Dates (their structure)

  • dd/mm/yyyy
  • el [day of the week] [day] de [month] de/del [year]
    (e.g., el domingo 7 de septiembre de 2023)
  • There is also a slight variation where the de before the year can also be del.
    (e.g., el domingo 7 de septiembre del 2023)
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3
Q

GRAMÁTICA: Mayúsculas

A

GRAMMAR: Capital Letters

Rule: only used for Names and Places
(e.g., Nicole; Cleveland, Ohio)

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4
Q

GRAMÁTICA: Artículos definidos e indefinidos

A

GRAMMAR: Definite & Indefinite articles

  • Indefinite: un, una, unos, unas
  • Definite: el, la, los, las
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5
Q

GRAMÁTICA: Determinantes posesivos

A

GRAMMAR: Possessive Determiners

Rule: they need to match the noun they refer to in number and gender.

  • Mi, mis (my, mine)
  • Tu, tus (your)
  • Su, sus (your, his, her, their, one’s)
  • Nuestro, nuestra, nuestros, nuestras (our)
  • Vuestro, vuestra, vuestros, vuestras (your) [SPAIN-only]

— Use de if a name or noun is used to refer to the person or entity that is in possession: de + noun/name
(e.g., el libro de Juan, el movimiento de mujeres)

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6
Q

GRAMÁTICA: Palabras en plural

A

GRAMMAR: Plural Words

Rule:

  • Word ends in a vowel —> add -s
    (e.g., casa —> casas)
  • Word ends in a consonant—> add -es.
    (e.g., el árbol —> los árboles)
  • Word ends in -z —> add -es & change the z to c.
    (el pez —> los peces)
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7
Q

GRAMÁTICA: Orden posesivo de las palabras

A

GRAMMAR: Possessive word order

Rule:
• Spanish doesn’t use apostrophes.
• Possessive word order = [possessed thing] of [possessor]
(e.g., my friend’s house —> la casa de mi amigo = the house of my friend)

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8
Q

GRAMÁTICA: “tener” frases negativas

No tengo regla.

No tengo ni regla ni lápiz.

No tengo bolígrafo tampoco.

A

I don’t have a ruler.

I don’t have a ruler nor a pencil.

I don’t have a pen either.

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9
Q

GRAMÁTICA: Adjetivos

A

Rules:

• adjectives follow the noun

• adjectives are modified by m/f & s/p
(e.g. el gato negro - la gata negra - los gatos negros - las gatas negras)

• adjectives ending in -e only modified for s/p, not for m/f
(e.g., las manzanas verdes - el pepino verde)

• adjectives ending in -a only modified for s/p, not for m/f
(e.g., el loro naranja, las velas naranjas)

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10
Q

GRAMÁTICA: Ser

A

Ser = to be (permanent)

Use ser for:
• Dates (e.g., es lunes)
• Occupations (e.g., soy profesora)
• Characteristics (e.g., es alto)
• Time (e.g., son las ocho y media)
• Origin/Nationality (e.g., soy trances)
• Relationships (e.g., eres mi madre)
• Religion (soy Católica)
• Event location (e.g., el concerto es en el campo de futbol)
• Possession (e.g., es mi casa)
• Material/essential quality (e.g., este vestido es de poliéster)

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11
Q

GRAMÁTICA: Estar

A

Estar = to be (temporary)

Use estar for:
• Position (e.g., estoy en la casa
• Location (e.g., estoy en Nueva York)
• Action (e.g., él está caminando)
• Condition (e.g., está lista)
• Emotion (e.g., estoy muy deprimido)

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12
Q

GRAMÁTICA: verbo regular en tiempo presente: -IR Endings

A

Yo -o
Tú -es
Usted/él/ella -e
Nosotros -imos
Vosotros -ís
Ustedes/ellos/ellas -en

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13
Q

GRAMÁTICA: verbo regular en tiempo presente: -AR Endings

A

Yo -o
Tú -as
Usted/él/ella -a
Nosotros -amos
Vosotros -áis
Ustedes/ellos/ellas -an

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14
Q

GRAMÁTICA: verbo regular en tiempo presente: -ER Endings

A

Yo -o
Tú -es
Usted/él/ella -e
Nosotros -emos
Vosotros -éis
Ustedes/ellos/ellas -en

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15
Q

GRAMÁTICA: pronombres personales

por ejemplo: TÚ
• Y tú qué necesitas? (pronombre sujeto)
• Te llamo luego. (pronombre de objeto directo)
• Te cuento todo. (pronombre de objeto indirecto)
• Este regalo es para ti. (pronombre preposicional)

A ti te puede apetecer un té.

A

Personal pronouns = subject [], object (direct/indirect) [te], and prepositional [] pronouns.

Examples:
• And what do you need? (Subject pronoun)
• I will call you later. (direct object pronoun)
• I tell you everything. (indirect object pronoun)
• This gift is for you. (prepositional pronoun)

YOU may fancy some tea.
(a ti te = emphasis on YOU)

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