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Microbiology > Gram Positive Cocci > Flashcards

Gram Positive Cocci Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is catalase?

A

Enzyme that breaks hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.
Gram + cocci in clusters contain catalase
Gram + cocci in chains don’t contain catalse

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2
Q

What common gram + cocci in clusters produces coagulase?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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3
Q

Name a coagulase negative staphylococci

A

Staphylococcus epidermidis

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4
Q

Describe staphylococcus epidermidis

A

Gram-positive cocci in clusters (stains purple)
Coagulase negative
Catalase positive (contains catalase enzyme)
Facultative Anaerobe (can live with or w/o O2)
Part of the normal skin flora & mucosal flora

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5
Q

Describe Staphylococcus aureus

A

Gram-positive cocci in clusters (stains purple)
Catalase & coagulase positive
Most common and serious pathogen
Facultative Anaerobe (can live with or w/o O2)
Typically lives in nose

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6
Q

Illnesses caused by staphylococcus epidermidis infection & common treatments

A

Cellulitis

Bacteremia (e.g. IV insertion)

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7
Q

Name the 4 most common infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus

A

Wounds
Skin (cellulitis)
Heart valves (endocarditis)
Bone (osteomyelitis)

BoWSH

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8
Q

Which class of antibiotics is MRSA resistant to?

A

Beta-lactam

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9
Q

When ‘coagulase negative staphylococci’ appears on a lab result, what does this typically indicate?

A

contamination or colonization

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10
Q

Which infection is often caused by staphylococcus saprophyticus?

A

UTI in women of reproductive age

Treated with nitrofurantoin (Macrobid)

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11
Q

What are the 3 possible hemolytic patterns?

A

Alpha - green
Beta - clear
Gamma - non-hemolytic

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12
Q

Characteristics of gram positive cocci in chains

A

Catalase negative
Categorized by hemolytic pattern (alpha - green; beta - clear; gamma - non-hemolytic)
NO coagulase

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13
Q

Two examples of Gram-positive cocci in chains that are alpha hemolytic

A

Streptococcus pneumonia

Viridans streptococci

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14
Q

What is an example of gram positive cocci in chains that is beta hemolytic?

A 
Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A streptococcus)
NO catalase
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15
Q

What is an example of gram positive cocci in chains that is gamma hemolytic?

A 
Enterococcus spp (species)
NO catalase
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16
Q

This alpha hemolytic streptococci is responsible for most community acquired pneumonias and meningitis

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococci)

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17
Q

What are the viridans streptococci?

A

Grouping of all other alpha hemolytic gram positive cocci.
Part of normal oral and gastrointestinal flora
Can cause endocarditis (heart valve infection)

18
Q

This is a sub-group of the viridans group that is notorious for forming abscesses throughout the body

A

streptococcus angionosus group

19
Q

What is a Lancefield group?

A

How beta hemolytic gram positive cocci in chains are categorized.
A,B,C,F,G

20
Q

What are some infections that can be caused by Group A streptococci?

A

Group A Streptococci can cause

  • strep throat (pharyngitis)
  • skin infections (cellulitis)
  • necrotizing fasciitis (flesh-eating disease)
  • bacteremia
  • rheumatic fever
  • glomerulonephritis (inflammation of small blood vessels in kidneys)

GAS for ToNS BaRG

21
Q

What part of the body is typically colonized with enterococcus?

A

Gastrointestinal tract
Often isolated as part of mixed infection with other bowel flora
Can cause UTIs

22
Q

What are the two most important species of enterococci?

A

Enterococcus faecalis

Enterococcus faecium

23
Q

What is the hemolytic pattern of the enterococcus species?

A

Gamma (non-hemolytic)

24
Q

What is VRE?

A

vancomycin resistant enterococci

25
Q

Peptococcus and peptostreptococcus are…

A

Anaerobic gram-positive cocci in chains
Part of normal flora in most mucous membranes
Most often isolated as part of mixed infection (e.g. abscesses in mouth, lung, vulva, brain)

26
Q

Name the 3 multi-drug resistant gram-positive cocci

A

Vancomycin resistant enterococci
Methicillin resistant streptococcus aureus
Streptococcus pneumoniae

27
Q

MRSA is typically susceptible to which antibiotic?

A

Vancomycin

28
Q

What is a VISA?

A

Vancomycin intermediate streptococcus aureus (MRSA’s that also show reduced sensitivity to vancomycin)

29
Q

What is the mecA test?

A

Molecular testing for the methicillin resistance gene (test for MRSA)

30
Q

Which parts of the body are typically colonized with MRSA?

A

nose and skin

31
Q

Common types of infections caused by hospital acquired (HA) MRSA?

A

Bacteremia
Wound infections
Respiratory infections

32
Q

Common types of infections caused by community acquired (CA) MRSA?

A

Mainly skin and soft tissue infections (cellulitis, abscesses, furuncles)

33
Q

Risk factors for HA - MRSA?

A

Indwelling devices, catheters, lines, etc

34
Q

Modes of transmission for MRSA

A

person-to-person
environmental (hospital equipment, sports equipment)
Animal-to-patient
Shared facilities (washrooms, changerooms)

35
Q

Community acquired MRSA tends to be more susceptible to antibiotics, which are:

A

TMP/SMX
doxycycline
clindamycin

TDC

36
Q

What is VRE?

A

Vancomycin resistant enterococci

Prolific in hospitals

37
Q

What is the ‘van’ gene?

A

Vancomycin resistance gene.

Transferred by plasmids between organisms

38
Q

What are the 3 most common types of ‘van’ genes?

A

A, B and C

39
Q

Ways to control VRE:

A

Prevent resistance development (decrease vancomycin use)
Carrier and case detection (admission and lab isolate screening)
Containment of clinical cases (isolation practices, investigation of contacts, education programs, hand hygiene)

LID

40
Q

What antibiotic can Streptococcus pneumoniae be resistant to?

A

Penicillin

41
Q

What are the three subtypes of penicillin resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae?

A 
Susceptible (MIC of 0.06 mg/ml or less)
Intermediate Resistance (MIC of 0.1-1 mg/ml)
High level (MIC of > 1 mg/ml)

Microbiology (12 decks)

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