Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology - Bacteriology > Gram positive bacteria - rods and branching > Flashcards

Gram positive bacteria - rods and branching Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Which two bacteria are gram+ branching filaments?

A

Actinomyces and Nocardia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which bacteria is gram+ branching filament and anaerobic?

A

Actinomyces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which bacteria is gram+ branching filament and acid-fast?

A

Nocardia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which gram+ branching filament is found in normal oral flora?

A

Actinomyces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which gram+ branching filament is found in soil?

A

Nocardia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What disease manifestations are associated with Actinomyces?

A
  • oral/facial abscesses that drain through sinus tracts

- yellow sulfur granules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is actinomyces treated with?

A

Penicillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What disease manifestations is Nocardia associated with?

A

Immunocompromised: pulmonary infections
Immunocompetant: Cutaneous infxns after trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is nocardia treated with?

A

Sulfonamindes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which gram+ organisms are found in rods?

A

Clostridium, Bacillus, Listeria, Corynebacterium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which gram+ rods are spore-forming?

A

Clostridium and Bacillus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the sub-species of Clostridium?

A

Perfringens
Difficile
Botulinum
Tetani

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How are all clostridia classified?

A

Gram+, spore-forming, obligate ANAEROBIC bacilli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What toxin is C. tetani associated with? How does the toxin work?

A

tetanospasmin, an exotoxin causing tetanus. Tetanospasmin is a protease that cleaves SNARE proteins, preventing release of GABA and glycine neurotransmitters from Renshaw cells in spinal cord.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the presentation associated with C. tetani?

A

Spastic paralysis, trismus (lockjaw), risus sardonicus (raised eyebrows and open grin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How can C. tetani be prevented/treated?

A

Antitoxin
Tetanus vaccine (+ booster)
Diazepam for muscle spasms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What toxin is C. botulin associated with? How does the toxin work?

A

Botulinum toxin; pre-formed, heat-labile toxin. Released upon death of bacteria. Cleaves SNARE proteins, inhibiting release of Ach at the neuromuscular junction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the presentation associated with C. botulinum?

A

Adult botulism: from ingestion of pre-formed toxin. Cranial nerve palsies, muscle weakness, respiratory paralysis
Infant botulism: from ingestion of spores (honey). Floppy baby, constipation.
Wound Botulism: puncture wounds/deep space. No GI prodrome.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the treatment for botulism?

A

Anti-toxin, human BIG for infant bot, penicillin, supportive therapy.

20
Q

What is the toxin associated with C. perfringens? How does it work?

A

12 toxins, including Alpha-toxin, lecithinase, which splits lecithin into phosphocholine and diglyceride

21
Q

What does C. perfringens cause?

A

Myonecrosis (gas gangrene), and hemolysis.

22
Q

What toxin is associated with C. difficile?

A

Toxin A: Enterotoxin, binds to brush border of the gut.

Toxin B: Cytotoxin, causes cytoskeletal disruption via actin depolymerization

23
Q

What presentation is associated with C. difficile? What precipitates C. diff infection?

A

Pseudomembranous colitis –> diarrhea.

Abx use precipitates, esp clindamycin or ampicillin.

24
Q

How to diagnose C. diff?

A

Detect toxins in stool by PCR

25
Q

How to treat C. diff?

A

Metronidazole or oral vancomycin.

If recurrent, try fidaxomicin, or fecal transplant.

26
Q

What toxins are associated with Bacillus cereus?

A
  • Spores survive cooking. Keeping rice warm –> germination of spores and enterotoxin formation.
  • Emetic type: Cereulide, preformed toxin, heat stable. N/V w/in 1-5 hrs
  • Diarrheal type: Heat labile, similar to e.coli/cholera toxin.: Watery, non-bloody diarrhea and GI pain w/in 8-18hrs.
27
Q

What antibiotics work for B. Cereus

A

For food poisoning, none (caused by pre-formed toxin).
For eradication, resistant to beta-lactam abx. Vanc/clinda.
No capsule!

28
Q

What kind of capsule does B. anthracis have?

A

Polypeptide capsule containing D-glutamate. Anti-phagocytic.

29
Q

What toxin is B. anthracis associated with? How does it work?

A

Exotoxin: 3 proteins

  1. Protective antigen (PA) –> Binding B subunit, allows entry into target cell
  2. Edema factor (EF) –> Calmodulin-dependent adenylate cyclase, increases cAMP, impairs neut function and causes massive edema (disrupts water hemostasis)
  3. Lethal factor (LF) –> Zinc metalloproteinase that inactivates protein kinase. Stimulates mac to release TNFalpha and IL-1B, which contributes to death.
30
Q

What is the most common presentation of B. anthracis?

A

Cutaneous anthrax (95%): painless papule surrounded by vesicles –> ulcer w/ black eschar, painless, necrotic. Uncommonly progresses to bacteremia/death.

31
Q

What can inhalation of B. anthracis cause?

A

Pulmonary anthrax: inhalation of spores causes flu-like symptoms that rapidly progresses to fever, pulmonary hemorrhage, mediastinitis, and death.

32
Q

What is the reservoir of B. anthracis?

A

Sheep, goats, cattle. (*woolsorter’s disease).

33
Q

What is the vaccine for anthrax?

A

Composed of protective antigen (PA). For high risk individuals.

34
Q

How is anthrax treated?

A

Cipro/doxy

Raxibacumab (inhalational)

35
Q

What are corynebacterium shaped like?

A

Club shaped

36
Q

What two cultures do corynebacterium appear on?

A

Cysteine-tellurite agar: black colonies

Loeffler’s medium: gram+ rods, >12 hrs stain with methylene blue–> metachromic (blue and red) granules - Babes-Ernst.

37
Q

What encodes the diphteriae exotoxin?

A

B-prophage (lysogenic conversion)

38
Q

What is the exotoxin of diphtheriae?

A

B(binding)-subunit permits entry into cardiac and neural tissue
A (actin)-subunit inhibits protein synthesis by inactivating EF2 via ADP-ribosylation.

39
Q

What are the sx of diphtheria?

A

Pseudomembranous pharyngitis +LAD - gray/white exudate.
Myocarditis/AV conduction block/arrythmia
Neural involvement: peripheral nerve palsies, GB-like sx, palatal and cranial neuropathies

40
Q

What does the vaccine for diphtheria contain?

A

Formalin-inactivated exotoxin: antibodies to B-subunit are protective.

41
Q

What are the tests for diphtheria toxin?

A

Schick test: injection of exotoxin into skin

Elek test: detects toxin - looks for precipitin 45 degree lines.

42
Q

What do listeria look like?

A

Gram positive non-spore forming rods, have flagella; “rocket tails” that allow intracellular movement and cell to cell spread across cell membranes, avoiding antibody. “Tumbling motility”

43
Q

What is the virulence factor of listeria?

A

Only gram+ organism to produce endotoxin.
Listeriolysin O and phospholipases allow escape from phagolysosomes of macrophages.
Hemolysin - heat labile and antigenic.

44
Q

Where is listeria acquired from?

A

Unpasteurized dairy products, cold deli meats, transplacental transmission, or vaginal transmission.

45
Q

What are the presentations of listeria?

A
  1. Amnionitis, septicemia, and abortion in preggos
  2. Meningitis in neonates, elderly, and immunosuppressed
  3. Granulomatosis infantiseptica
  4. Gastroenteritis in healthy individuals.
46
Q

What is the treatment for listeria?

A

Ampicillin/trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole for meningitis

Microbiology - Bacteriology (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions