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Sketchy Micro > Gram Positive Bacilli > Flashcards

Gram Positive Bacilli Flashcards

1
Q

Bacillus Anthracis ID
Gram —–
—- shaped
presence of —–
obligate ——–
Encapsulated made up of ——
—– forming bacteria

A
  • Gram positive
  • bacilli shaped (rod)
  • presence of black Eschar
  • obligate aerobe
  • Encapsulated made out of Protein (polyD glutamate)
  • spore forming bacteria
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2
Q

what are the bacillus anthracis toxin

A
  • Edema factor (EF)
  • Lethal factor (LF)
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3
Q

Edema factor (EF)

A
  • causes edema that prevents phagocytosis, increases cAMP
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4
Q

Lethal factor (LF)

A
  • cleaves MAP kinase.
  • Responsible for tissue necrosis
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5
Q

Bacillus anthracis causes —– disease

A

Pulmonary anthrax (wool sorters disease)

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6
Q

Symptoms of pulmonary anthrax

A
  • Dry cough
  • pulmonary hemorrhage
  • widened mediastinum on Xray
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7
Q

Treatment for pulmonary anthrax

A
  • Primary treatment- Fluoroquinolones
  • secondary treatment- Doxycycline
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8
Q

Bacillus cereus ID
Gram —–
—– shaped
—– forming bacteria
obligate ——-

A

Gram positive
bacilli shaped
spore forming bacteria
obligate aerobe

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9
Q

Bacillus cereus is associated with

A

food poisoning when someone comes in with vomiting and diarrhea after eating reheated fried rice

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10
Q

Clostridium tetani ID
Gram ——
—– shaped
obligate ——-
—– forming bacteria

A

Gram positive
bacilli shaped
obligate anaerobes
spore forming bacteria

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11
Q

Spores from clostridium tetani are found in

A
  • soil and rusty nails
  • ideally in puncture wounds closed off to air
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12
Q

what is the clostridium tetani toxin that causes the symptoms

A

Tetanospasmin

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13
Q

Tetanospasmin trends ——- through the motor axons to the spinal cord

A

Retrograde

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14
Q

Tetanospasmin

A
  • acts as a protease cleaving SNARE proteins
  • cleavage of SNARE inhibits GABA and Glycine
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15
Q

—— senses if there is overactivity in the motor neurons. When they sense overactivity or tetanus, they fire inhibitory motor neuron

A

Renshaw cells

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16
Q

Symptoms of clostridium tetani

A
  • Spastic paralysis
  • Risus sardonicius (lockjaw)
  • Opisthothonus (exaggerated arching of back)
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17
Q

Treatment for clostridium tetani

A

Toxoid vaccine

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18
Q

Clostridium Botulinum ID
Gram ——
—– forming bacteria
obligate ——

A
  • Gram positive
  • spore forming bacteria
  • obligate anaerobe
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19
Q

Clostridium botulinum is often transmited by

A

Improper canning of food

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20
Q

Symptoms of clostridium botulinum

A
  • Flaccid paralysis (affects PNS, not CNS, descending paralysis)
  • Eye symptoms such as diplopia and ptosis
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21
Q

Botulinum toxin targets

A
  • neurons that releases Ach
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22
Q

Botulinum toxin cleaves

A

SNARE protein

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23
Q

What are the symptoms of botulinum toxin in babies

A
  • Flaccid paralysis (called floppy baby syndrome)
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24
Q

Where do babies get the botulinum toxin?

A
  • honey (the spores are in honey)
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25
Q

Clostridium perfingens ID
Gram ——
—– forming bacteria
obligate ——-

A

Gram positive
spore forming bacteria
obligate anaerobe

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26
Q

Clostridium perfingens is directly associated with

A
  • motorcycle accidents
  • deep penetrating wounds from military combat
27
Q

Diseases caused by clostridium perfingens

A
  • Gas gangrene
  • Food poisoning
28
Q

Gas gangrene caused by clostridium perfingens

A
  • organism produces gas in tissue
  • the mechanism behind the necrosis involves an alpha-toxin called lethicinase
  • lethicinase causes red cell hemolysis
29
Q

Food poisoning caused by clostridium perfingens

A
  • the diarrhea is late (slow)
  • Transient
30
Q

Treatment for clostridium perfingens

A

IV Penicillin G

31
Q

Clostridium difficile ID
Gram —–
—– shaped
obligate ——
—- forming bacteria

A
  • gram positive
  • bacilli shaped
  • obligate anaerobe
  • spore forming bacteria
32
Q

Clostridium difficile is part of the normal flora of the ——

33
Q

Transmission of C.difficile

A
  • fecal oral route
  • nosocomial (hospital acquired) infection
34
Q

How do you prevent C.difficile

A
  • wash hands thoroughly
  • gown and glove contact precaution
35
Q

What factors are required for development of C.diff

A
  • presence of toxigenic C.diff
  • recent antibiotic use like (clindamycin, FQ, penicillin like ampicillin, broad spectrum like certain cephalosporins)
  • PPIs
36
Q

what are the toxins of C.diff

A
  • Toxin A
  • Toxin B
37
Q

Toxins of pseudomembrane causes

A
  • Pseudomembranous collitis
  • watery diarrhea
  • can cause toxic megacolon
38
Q

Testing for C.diff

A
  • NAAT
  • EIA
  • Glutamate dehydrogenase
39
Q

Treatment of C.diff

A
  • oral vancomycin
  • Oral fidaxomicin
  • IV metronidazole + Oral vancomycin if severe
  • If abx fails, use fecal microbiota implant
40
Q

Cornybacterium diphtheriae ID
Gram —–
—- shaped
—– granules

A

Gram positive
club shaped (Y or V formation)
Metochromic granules

41
Q

Exotoxins of Cornybacterium diphtheriae?

A
  • A and B
  • A is the active subunit
  • B is the binding subunit
42
Q

In cornybacterium diphtheriae, toxins inhibits ——– to inhibit protein synthesis

A

Elongation factor 2 (EF2)

43
Q

In cornybacterium diphtheriae, toxins act by ——

A

Ribosylation

44
Q

Cornybacterium diphtheriae infection is transmitted by —–

A

Respiratory droplets

45
Q

Corynbacterium diphtheriae can cause ——-, this could be severe enough to cause the thickening of the neck called ——

A
  • lymphadenopathy
  • bulls neck
46
Q

Infections caused by cornybacterium diphtheriae

A
  • life threatening myocarditis. This presents with arrhythmia and heart block

-local paralysis that generally begin in the posterior pharynx and can lead to other cranial nerve deficits

  • Cardiotoxic effects are myocarditis, arhythmias and heartblock
47
Q

DDX of cornybacterium diphtheriae

A
  • good clinical history and examination
  • definitive diagnosis requires culturing or toxin assay on tellurite agar or loeffler’s medium
48
Q

How can we differentiate between toxic and non-toxic strains of diphtheriae

A

Elek’s test

49
Q

Patients of diptheriae are often

A

Immigrants because they are not vaccinated

50
Q

diphtheriae vaccine

A
  • toxoid vaccin
51
Q

diptheriae treatment

A
  • passive immunization
  • administering anti-toxoid
52
Q

Listeria monocytogenes ID
Gram —–
—- shaped
—– hemolytic
—– intracellular
Catalase —–

A
  • gram positive
  • bacilli shaped
  • beta hemolytic
  • facultative intracellular
  • Catalase positive
53
Q

when listeria monocytogenes is outside the cell (motility outside the cell)

A
  • gram positive
  • bacillus
54
Q

When listeria monocytogenes is inside the cell

A

“Acting rocket” intracellular movement

55
Q

Listeria monocytogenes can survive in ——- temperatures

A

freezing cold

56
Q

Listeria monocytogenes can contaminate food even though they are ——

A

Refrigerated

57
Q

Listeria monocytogenes is most likely in

A

Pregnant women

58
Q

Listeria monocytogenes infection early in pregnancy can lead to

A

Termination

59
Q

Listeria monocytogenes infection later in pregnancy can lead to

A

infection of the baby

60
Q

INfections of listeria monocytogenes

A
  • 3rd most common cause of meningiits in new borns after GBS and E.coli
  • causes meningitis in adults over 60
61
Q

Treatment of meningitis in adults

A

Vancomycin + ceftriaxone

62
Q

Treatment of meningitis in adults to cover listeria too

A

Vanco+ ceftriaxone + Ampicillin

63
Q

what is the treatment for listeria

A

Ampicillin

Sketchy Micro (5 decks)

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