Gram Negative Cocci Flashcards
Neisseria
Gram ——
shape??
oxidase —- (+/-?)
- Gram negative
- diplococci
- oxidase +
which neisseria can metabolize glucose
- Neisseria gonorrhea
- Neisseria meningiditis
which neisseria can metabolize glucose and maltose
- N. meningiditis
T or F
Neisseria can grow in sheep blood agar
F
Neisseria cannot grow in sheep blood agar
T or F
Neisseria can grow in chocolate agar
T
T or F
VPN is selective for neisseria (Thayer martin agar)
T
what is an essential host defense mechanism against neisseria infections?
MAC (C5-C9)
what is the major virulence factor of neisseria
Pilli
Virulence factors of neisseria
- pilli
- IgA protease (inactivates IgA)
- LOS (lipooligosaccharide)
- Opa proteins
—- is the second cause of acute bacterial meningitis (#1 is strep pneumoniae)
N.meningiditis
Pili in N.meningiditis promotes —– colonization
nasopharyngeal
T or F
N.meningiditis has a protective capsule
T
N.meningiditis spreads via
Respiratory droplets
N. meninigiditis bacteria enters the body through the ——
Nasopharynx
Outbreaks of N. meningiditis are prominent in places like
military quarters and dorms
N.meningiditis spreads via —– spread
hematogenous
Once in the blood stream, N.meningiditis causes a pro-inflammatory generated by ——
LOS (lipooligosaccharide)
what causes massive inflammatory response in N.meningiditis
LOS blebs
The inflammatory response caused by LOS blebs leads to
vascular injury
Leaky vasculars caused by LOS blebs causes —–
shock
—– is a strong indicator of thrombocytopenia
Petechial rash
If a small petechiae is evolving to a large purpura, this is a sign of
DIC (immediate attention is needed)
what is a syndrome caused by N.meningiditis in the adrenal glands which can extenuate shock
Waterhouse friedrichsen syndrome
signs of shock due to N.meningiditis
- hypoglycemia
- hyponatremia
- Hyperkalemia
S and S of N. meningiditis
- febrile
- flu like symptoms
- Intense myalgias
- Strep like pharyngitis
- Petechial rash which can progress to purpura (strong indicator of DIC)
- septic shock
Presentation of acute bacterial meningitis caused by N.meningiditis
- neck stiffness
- fever
- headache
As patients recover from N.meningidiits, they can have immune complex mediated complications such as
- arthritis
- pericarditis
- vasculitis
Treatment of N. meningiditis
- ceftriaxone
- penicillin
- chloramphenicol (if allergic to penicillin and other beta lactams)
drug used for N.meningidits post exposure prophylaxis
- Rifampin
- ceftriaxone
- ciprofloxacin
T or F
There are vaccines for N. meningitidits
T
Neisseria gonorrhea is a —- intracellular
Facultative
T or F
Neisseria gonorrhea is not encapsulated
T
T or F
N.gonorrhea is an STI
T
New borns can get N. gonorrhea through the —–
vaginal canal
N.gonorrhea to infants that contract it through the vaginal canal can cause
Severe eye infection and blindness
Clinical features of N.gonorrhea in males
- Asymptomatic and symptomatic Urethritis
- Prostatitis
- Orchitis
clinical features of N.gonorrhea in females
- mucopurulent cervicitis
- Intermenstrual bleeding
- Salpingitis
- Fitz hugh curtis syndrome (spread to liver and peritoneum)
- Purulent arthritis
Disseminated Gonococcal infection can present as
- Polyarthralgia (involves the knees, ankles, wrists)
- Tenosynovitis (affects tendons)
- dermatitis
N.gonorrhea in infants can present as
Ophthalmia neonatorum
N.gonorrhea in infants causing eye infection can be prevented by
Applying erythromycin ointment to baby’s eyes
Preferred testing for N.gonorrhea
NAAT
Treatment for N.gonorrhea
Ceftriaxone
T or F
You need to cover for chlamydia when treating N.gonorrhea
T
What do you use to cover chlamydia when treating N.gonorrhea
Doxycycline or macrolide like azithromycin
Moraxella catarrhalis
Gram—–
shape??
oxidase —–
Aerobe or anaerobe?
Gram negative
diplococcus
oxidase positive
Aerobe
Moraxella catarrhalis normally takes up residence in the ——-
Nasopharynx
M.catarrhalis can form —– that helps it resist antibiotics
Biofilm
T or F
M.catarrhalis produces beta lactamase
T
M.catarrhalis has a positive hockey puck sign, what does that mean?
colonies slide easy across the agar like a hockey puck on ice
it is unique to M.catarrhalis
M.catarrhalis is a common cause of —– in children
Otitis media
bacterial sinusitis is commonly caused by
M.catarrhalis
T or F
M.catarrhalis can cause COPD exacerbations
T
Treatment of M.catarrhalis
- Cephalosporins
- Amoxicillin-clavulante
- TMP-SMX
- FQ
