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PA22 > gram positive and gram negative infections > Flashcards

gram positive and gram negative infections Flashcards

1
Q

Consequences of S. aureus

A 
Impetigo
Furuncle
Carbuncle
Hidradenitis
Paronychia
Felon
Scalded-skin syndrom (Ritter disease)
Osteomyelitis
Pneumonia
Endocarditis
Food poisoning
toxic shock syndrome
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2
Q

Consequences of S. aureus on the surface of the epidermis

A

Impetigo

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3
Q

Consequences of S. aureus that spreads to subcutaneous; pus

A

furuncle

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4
Q

Consequences of S. aureus: beneath deep subcutaneous fascia, larger, sinuses

A

carbuncle

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5
Q

Consequences of S. aureus: apocrine glands in the axilla

A

hidradenitis

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6
Q

Consequences of S. aureus: nail bed

A

paronychia

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7
Q

Consequences of S. aureus: palmar side of finger tips

A

felon

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8
Q

Consequences of S. aureus: most commonly in children with nasopharyngeal and skin infection; sunburn like rash which evolves to bullae

A

Ritter disease

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9
Q

desquamation occurs at the level of _____

A

Granulosa layer

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10
Q

Consequences of S. aureus: infection of the bone

A

osteomyelitis

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11
Q

Consequences of S. aureus: usually acute, right side of the heart valves

A

endocarditis

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12
Q

Consequences of S. aureus: similar to pneumococcal but more destructive

A

Consequences of S. aureus

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13
Q

toxic shock syndrome

A 
hypotension
renal and liver failure
coagulopathy
respiratory distress
generalized erythematous rash
soft tissue necrosis at the site of infection
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14
Q

S. aureus: Virulence factors

A

Binding/attachment

  1. Fibrinogen, fibronectin, vitronectin
  2. Polysacharide capsule
  3. Protein A

Destruction/lysis

  1. Lipase
  2. A and B toxins
  3. alpha, beta, delta, gamma toxin

Inflammation: superantigens

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15
Q

attaches in prostheses and catheters

A

Polysaccharide capsule

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16
Q

skin surface lipids and abscesses

A

lipase

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17
Q

cleave desmoglein

A

A and B toxins

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18
Q

hemolytic/membrane damaging

A

alpha, beta, delta, gamma toxin

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19
Q

stimulate T cells to release TNF and IL1

A

superantigens

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20
Q

cause opportunistic infections in catheterized patients, with prothetic cardiac valves and drug addicts

A

S. epidermis

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21
Q

common cause of urinary tract infection in young women

A

S. saprophyticus

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22
Q

“twisted chain”

A

streptococcus (streptos)

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23
Q

Beta-hemolytic strep

A

Group A: S. pyogenes

Group B: S. agalactiae

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24
Q

Alpha-hemolytic strep

A

S. pnemoniae

Viridans streptococci

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25
Q

Minimal tissue destruction
diffuse interstitial neutrophilic infiltrates
skin lesions resemble those of S. aureus but less likely to form discrete abscesses

A

Streptococcus and enterococcus

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26
Q

S. Pyogenes: Virulence factors

A
  1. antiphagocytic capsule
  2. M protein
  3. pyrogenic exotoxin
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27
Q

Virulence factor: also seen in S. pneumoniae, S. agalactiae and Enterococcus, S. pyogenes

A

antiphagocytic capsules

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28
Q

Virulence factor: phagocytosis resistance

A

M protein

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29
Q

Virulence factor: causes scarlet fever

A

pyrogenic exotoxin

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30
Q

S. pyogenes can cause ___ and ___

A

pharyngitis

scarlet fever

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31
Q

cause scarlet fever

A

S. pyogenes

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32
Q

cause pharyngitis

A

S. pyogenes

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33
Q

also known as strep throat

A

pharyngitis

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34
Q

postinfectious syndromes of pharyngitis

A

rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis, erythema nodosum

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35
Q

edema, epiglottic swelling, punctate tonsillar crypt abscesses, sometimes with CLAD

A

pharyngitis

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36
Q

CLAD

A

canine leukocyte adhesion deficiency

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37
Q

Strep infection that may cause heart failure or impaired renal function

A

Pharyngitis (S. pyogenes)

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38
Q

surface has a certain molecules that mimics those of the tissues of the organs –> immune systems attack its own organ

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

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39
Q

redness discoloration

A

scarlet fever

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40
Q

clinical sign in which pink or red lines formed of confluent petechiae are found in skin

A

pastia’s lines

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41
Q

S. pneumoniae: virulence factors

A
  1. antiphagocytic capsule

2. pneumolysin

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42
Q

Virulence factor: lyses cell membranes, activates classical pathway of complement

A

Pneumolysin

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43
Q

sparing of alveolar walls

A

pnemonia

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44
Q

S.mutans: Virulence factor

A

metabolize sucrose to lactic acid

HMW glucans

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45
Q

Virulence factor: bacterial aggregation and plaque formation

A

glucans

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46
Q

causes dental caries

A

S. mutans

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47
Q

Corynebacterium diphtheriae: exotoxin

A

A-B toxin

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48
Q

inhibits EF-2 - elongation factor 2 (essential for translation of mRNA to protein)

A

A fragment

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49
Q

Corynebacterium diphtheriae: vaccine

A

DPT vax

does not prevent colonization but prevents the lethal effects of the toxin

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50
Q

dense fibrinopurulent exudate, dirty gray to black

A

diphtheria

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51
Q

affects mucosa of naso-,oropharynx, larynx and trachea and may form satellite lesions in esophagus and lower airways

A

diphtheria

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52
Q

Corynebacterium diphtheriae: exotoxin causes…

A 
necrosis of epithelium 
may enter the bloodstream --> spleen and lymph node hyperplasia
fatty change in myocardium
polyneuritis
demylination
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53
Q

anthrakis

A

“coal”

54
Q

large boxcar G+ extracellular bacteria in chains

A

Bacillus anthracis

55
Q

can be acquired through exposure to animals/products like wool or hides

A

Bacillus anthracis

56
Q

Bacillus anthracis 3 syndromes

A
  1. cutaneous
  2. inhalational
  3. gastrointestinal
57
Q

95% of naturally occuring

A

B. anthracis: cutaneous

58
Q

painless pruritic papule -> vesicle -> black eschar

A

B. anthracis

59
Q

B.anthracis: perihilar interstitional pneumonia and pulmonary vasculitis

A

inhalational

60
Q

B: anthracis: abrupt fever, hypoxia, sweating

A

INhalational

61
Q

B. anthracis: bacteremia –> anthrax meningitis

A

inhalational

62
Q

B.anthracis: shock and death within 1-2 days

A

inhalational

63
Q

B.anthracis: uncommon

A

gastrointestinal

64
Q

B.anthracis: eating undercooked meat

A

gastrointestinal

65
Q

B.anthracis: nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting –> severe bloody diarrhea

A

gastrointestinal

66
Q

B.anthracis: mortality >50%

A

gastrointestinal

67
Q

B.anthracis: hemorrhage in the bowel walls

A

gastrointestinal

68
Q

anthrax toxin

A

A and B subunits

69
Q

A subunit has two alternates:

A

Edema factor; efflux of water from the cell

Lethal factor; protease, cause cell death

70
Q

infection of the deeper, subcutaneous tissues of the body

A

cellulitis

71
Q

compared to pyogenic cocci, it has foul odor, thin discolored exudate, quick and wide tissue destruction

A

cellulitis

72
Q

granulation tissue at its borders

A

cellulitis

73
Q

originates in wounds

A

cellulitis

74
Q

cellulitis

A

clostridium perfringens

75
Q

c. perfringes: food poisoning

A

mild brief diarrhea, spores survive cooking

76
Q

gas gangrene/myonecrosis

A

c. perfringens

77
Q

enzymatic necrosis of muscle cells 1-3 days after injury

A

myonecrosis/gas gangrene

78
Q

extensive fluid exudate lacking in inflammatory cells

A

gas gangrene

79
Q

swelling of overlying skin –> bullous vesicle
gas production
hemolysis and vascular injury

A

gas gangere

80
Q

of toxins of C.perfringens

A

14

81
Q

most important toxin (c.perfringens)

A

alpha toxin

82
Q

tetanos

A

spasm

83
Q

blocks release of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)

A

tetanospasmin

84
Q

inhibitor of motor neurons

A

GABA

85
Q

tetanus causative agent

A

c. tetani

86
Q

botulus

A

sausage

87
Q

inadequately sterilized canned foods

A

botulism

88
Q

blocks vesicle fusion, prevents release of ACh at the NMJ

A

botulinum toxin

89
Q

paralysis of respiratory and skeletal muscles

A

botulism

90
Q

botulism causative agent

A

c. botulinum

91
Q

difficile

A

“difficult”

92
Q

spores have drumstick appearance

A

C. difficile

93
Q

pseudomembranous colitis causative agent

A

c. difficile

94
Q

denuded surface epithelium (antibiotics etc)

A

pseudomembranous colitis

95
Q

“volcanic eruption”

A

crypts distended by mucopurulent exudate (c.difficile)

96
Q

gram + infections

A 
S.aureus
Staphylococcus and enterococcus
corynebacterium diphtheriae
bacillus anthracis
clostridium
97
Q

gram - infections

A

neisseria
bordetella pertussis
pseudomonas aeruginosa
yersinia pestis

98
Q

Neisseria (who)

A

Albert Neisser

99
Q

bacterial meningitis

A

Neisseria meningitidis

100
Q

oropharynx colonizer (10% of pop)

A

bacterial meningitis

101
Q

bacterial meningitis (bacterial serotype)

A

13

102
Q

increased risk in people with complement defects

A

bacterial meningitis

103
Q

urethritis in men; commonly silent in women (pelvic inflammatory disease)

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

104
Q

neonatal blindness

septic arthritis

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

105
Q

way to prevent neonatal blindness

A

silver nitrate/antibiotics

106
Q

may occur if pregnant woman gets infected with Neisseria gonorrhoeae

A

neonatal blindness

107
Q

associated with hemorrhagic papules and pustules

A

septic arthritis

108
Q

antigenic variation (N.gonorrhoeae)

A
  1. pili proteins

2. OPA proteins

109
Q

bind CD46 on all nucleated human cells

A

pili proteins

110
Q

OPA proteins

A

opaque bacterial colonies

111
Q

binding and entry into epithelial cells

A

OPA proteins

112
Q

Bordotella pertussis (who)

A

jules bordet

113
Q

virulence factors of pertussis

A

adhesins

pertussis toxin

114
Q

paralyzes cilia

A

pertussis toxin

115
Q

whooping cough

A

pertussis

116
Q

laryngotracheobronchitis

A

whooping cough

117
Q

mucosal erosion, hyperemia, mucopurulent exudate;

lymphocytosis

A

laryngotracheobronchitis

118
Q

enlargement of mucosal lymph follicles and peribroncheal lymph nodes

A

laryngotracheobronchitis

119
Q

full of copper rust

A

aeruginosa

120
Q

flagellated protist

A

pseudomonas

121
Q

hospital-acquired infections

A
  1. necrotizing pneumonia
  2. severe burns
  3. neutropenia
122
Q

corneal keratitis

osteomyelitis and endocarditis

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

123
Q

yersinia pestis (who)

A

alexander yersin

124
Q

usually in contact lens wearers

A

corneal keratitis

125
Q

deadly and contagious disease

A

pestis

126
Q

plague/black death (egypt, europe, india)

A

Yersinia pestis

127
Q

plague/black death

A
  1. bubonic plague
  2. pneumonic plague
  3. septicemic plague
128
Q

infected fleabite -> small pustule or ulcer

A

bubonic plague

129
Q

“swollen gland”

A

Bubo

130
Q

lymph node enlargement, soft pulpy, plum-colored, may infarct or rupture

A

Bubonic plague

131
Q

severe confluent hemorrhagic and necrotizing bronchopneumonia with fibrinous pleuritis

A

pneumonia plague

132
Q

lymph nodes and other organs rich in mononuclear phagocytes develop foci of necrosis

A

septicemic plague

PA22 (4 decks)

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