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PA22 > Fungal Infection > Flashcards

Fungal Infection Flashcards

1
Q

fungi: eukaryotic/prokaryotic?

A

eukaryotic

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2
Q

diverse group of chemoheterotrophs

A

Fungi

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3
Q

T/F fungi are saprophytic and lack chlorophyll

A

T

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4
Q

means that an organism depends on dead or decomposing matter

A

saprophytic

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5
Q

T/F most fungi are facultative aerobes, many requireing moisture for growth

A

F most fungi are OBLIGATE aerobes, many requireing moisture for growth

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6
Q

fungi: multicellular filaments

A

mold

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7
Q

fungi: individual cells alone or in chains

A

yeast

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8
Q

consists of hyphae that grow and divide at their tips

A

mold

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9
Q

threadlike filaments

A

hyphae

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10
Q

round cells produced by mold that easily become airborne –> infection through inhalation

A

conidia

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11
Q

vegetative part of a fungus or fungus-like bacterial colony

A

mycelia

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12
Q

multicellular filaments form __

A

mycelia

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13
Q

long strands of tubular structure

A

hyphae

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14
Q

mold or yeast: aspergillus flavus

A

mold

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15
Q

basic body plan of the fungus

A

hyphae

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16
Q

network collection or bundle of hyphae in one single place

A

mycelium

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17
Q

difference of hyphae and mycelium (visibility)

A

mycelium is visible to the naked eye

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18
Q

single or chains of vegetative cells forming bacteria-like colony without aerial hyphae

A

yeast

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19
Q

yeast: reproduction

A

most by budding

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20
Q

Yeast: formed when chains of elongated cells fail to detach during budding

A

pseudohyphae

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21
Q

most medically important fungi which can cause disease

A

dimorphic fungi

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22
Q

exist as yeast or molds depending on environment conditions specifically the temperature

A

dimorphic fungi

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23
Q

dimorphic:
human body temp?
room temp?

A

body temp: yeast

room temp: mold

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24
Q

what are the cell walls of fungi made of?

A

chitin

some contain ergosterol in the cell membranes

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25
Q

what are ergosterol? function? clinical importance?

A

same function that cholesterol does in animals

some anti-fungal drugs target ergosterol by inhibiting its synthesis or binding to it to induce fungal death

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26
Q

involved in catabolism and growth

A

vegetative structures

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27
Q

tubuluar filaments of cells/hyphae

A

thallus

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28
Q

type of hyphae according to pigmentation

A
  1. hyaline

2. dematiaceous

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29
Q

type of hyphae according to septation

A
  1. septate

2. aseptate/coenocytic

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30
Q

non-pigmented or brightly pigmented hyphae

A

hyaline

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31
Q

darkly pigmented hyphae

A

dematiaceous

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32
Q

reason why there’s a dark pigmentation in dematiaceous hyphae

A

presence of melanin

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33
Q

best stain for dematiaceous hyphae

A

Fontana-Masson stain

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34
Q

cross walls divide them into unicellular units

A

septate

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35
Q

allow cytoplasm and nuclei to pass in septate hyphae

A

pores

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36
Q

no septa; continuous cell with many nuclei

A

aseptate/coenocytic

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37
Q

t/f all fungi are chemoheterotrophs (nutrition)

A

T

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38
Q

chemoheterotrophs v chemoautotrophs

A

chemoheterotrophs are unable to synthesize their own organic molecules
they ingest preformed carbon molecules (carbohydrates and lipids) synthesized by other organism in environment

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39
Q

absorption of nutrients

A

powerful exoenzymes

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40
Q

T/F fungi grow at higher pH than bacteria

A

F

fungi grow at LOWER pH than bacteria

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41
Q

fungi best grow at…

A

lower pH

high salt and sugar

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42
Q

fungi that produce mycelia (molds)

A

filamentous fungi

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43
Q

reproduction: filamentous fungi

A

asexually by fragmentation of hyphae

asexual and sexual reproduction of spores

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44
Q

reproduction: yeast

A

asexually by BUDDING or FISSION
SEXUAL reproduction by spores (compared to filamentous which is asexual and sexual)

but asexual (budding/fission) is still more common than sexual.

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45
Q

associated with roots of vascular plants-truffles and oak –> assist in absorption of water and minerals

A

Mycorrhizae

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46
Q

advantages of fungi

A 
mycorrhizae
decompose dead org
recycle nutrietnts
control pests
food (bread) and antibiotics (penicillin)
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47
Q

disadvatages of fungi

A

fungal diseases

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48
Q

human disease caused by fungi

A

mycoses

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49
Q

four major types of mycoses

A

superficial and cutaneous mycoses
subcutaneous mycoses
endemic mycoses
opportunistic mycoses

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50
Q

mycoses: common and limited to the very superficial or keratinized layers of skin, hair, nails

A

superficial and cutaneous mycoses

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51
Q

mycoses: involve the skin, subcutaneous tissue, lymphatics and rarely disseminate systematically

A

subcutaneous

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52
Q

mycoses caused by dimorphic fungi that can produce serious systemic illness in healthy individuals

A

endemic

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53
Q

mycoses which can cause life-threatening systemic diseases in individuals who are immunosuppressed who carry implanted prosthetic devices, or vascular catheters

A

opportunistic mycoses

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54
Q

skin mycoses based on degree of tissue involvement

A

superficial
cutaneous
subcutaneous
systemic

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55
Q

t/f superficial mycoses is contagious via direct contact or indirect contact

A

t

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56
Q

etiologic agent of pityriasis versicolor

A

Malesezzia furfur

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57
Q

“an-an”

A

pityriasis versicolor or tinea versicolor

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58
Q

pityriasis versicolor: lesions are described as…

A

furfuraceous

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59
Q

Dx of pityriasis versicolor

A

KOH preparation or yellow flourescence on Wood’s lamp

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60
Q

other causes of superficial mycoses

A

Piedraia hortae
Trichosporon
Phaeoannellomyces werneckii

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61
Q

spaghetti and meatballs

A

Malesezzia furfur under microscope

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62
Q

Dx of cutaneous mycoses

A

skin scraping

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63
Q

tx of cutaneous mycoses

A

antifungal creams

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64
Q

etiologic agents of cutaneous mycoses

A

dermatophytes

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65
Q

fungi that require keratin for growth

A

dermatophytes

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66
Q

dermatophytes

A

Trichophyton
Microsporum
Epidermophyton

67
Q

“worm”; classified according to where the lesion manifests

A

Tinea

68
Q 
lesion is on the head
blister with scaly ring
ringworm of the scalp
spreads circularly forming bad spots
spread by contact with fomites, cats, dogs
A

tinea capitis

“galis”

69
Q

fungal infection involving the groin area

A

tinea cruris

70
Q

“hadhad”

A

tinea cruris

71
Q

jock itch

A

tinea cruris

72
Q

lesion of the foot

A

tidea pedis

73
Q

athlete’s foot

A

tidea pedis

74
Q

alipunga

A

tidea pedis

75
Q

live for weeks on shower floor or mat

A

tidea pedis

76
Q

mycoses of the nails

A

tinea unguium

onchomycosis

77
Q

mycoses of hand

A

tinea manuum

78
Q

mycoses limited to the beard areas of face and neck

A

tinea barbae

79
Q

mycoses of the arms, legs, esp. on glabrous skin

“buni”

A

tinea corporis

80
Q

kinds of subcutaneous mycoses

A
  1. chromoblastomycosis
  2. lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis
  3. mycetoma
81
Q

chronic mycosis of the skin and subcutaneous tissue

A

chromoblastomycosis

82
Q

traumatic inoculation by dematiaceous fungi

A

chromoblastomycosis

83
Q

etiologic factor of chromoblastomycosis

A

Phialophora verrucosa

fonsecaea compacta, F.pedrosoi, Cladophialophora carrionnii, rhhinocladiella aquaspersa

84
Q

rose-picker’s disease

A

lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis

85
Q

etiologic factor lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis

A

sporothric schenkii

86
Q

nodular and ulcerative lesion along lymph channels draining inoculation site

A

lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis

87
Q

Madura foot

A

mycetoma

88
Q

induces a granulomatous inflammation at the site of inoculation, usually the foot

may even cause osteomyelitis

A

mycetoma

89
Q

mycetoma: nfection of subcutaneous tissute at site of inoculation can be caused by: ??

A

bacteria: actinomycotic
fungi: eumycotic

90
Q

etiologic agents of mycetoma (fungi)

A

pseudoallescheria boydii

acremonium falciforme, madurella mycetomatis, madurella grisea, exophiala jeanselmei

91
Q

t/f yeast form is invasive

A

T

92
Q

usually caused by fungi in soil

A

systemic mycoses

93
Q

systemic mycoses: inoculation

A

inhalation of spores

begins in lungs and spread to the rest of the body

94
Q

kinds of systemic mycoses

A
  1. histoplasmosis
  2. blastomycosis
  3. coccidiomycosis
  4. paracoccidiomycosis
95
Q

acquired by inhalation of dust particles from soil conntaminated with bird or bat droppings containing microconidia of Histoplasma capsulatum

A

histoplasmosis

96
Q

etiologic factor of histoplasmosis

A

histoplasma capsulatum (intracellular parasite of macrophages)

97
Q

defense against histoplasma

A

helper t-cells recognize fungal cell wall Ag –> produce IFNy –> induces macrophages to kill histoplasma within the macrophage

98
Q

histoplasmosis: spectrum of manifestations

A

latent/self-limited pulmonary involvement (TB-like)
chronic progressive secondary lung disease
localized lesion in extrapulmonary sites
widely disseminated disease (fulminant disseminated histoplasmosis)

99
Q

Dx of histoplasmosis

A

serologic procedures

100
Q

etiologic factor of blastomycosis

A

blastomyces dermatitidis

101
Q

round yeast cell dividing by BROAD-BASED budding

A

blastomyces dermatitidis

102
Q

blastomycosis: spectrum of manifestations

A

pulmonary (suppurative granulomas)
disseminated
primary cutaneous (rare)

103
Q

dx: blastomycosis

A

10% KOH or calcufuor white preparations of material from tissue

104
Q

etiologic factor: coccidiomycosis

A

coccidioides immitis, c. posadasii

105
Q

most virulent of all human mycotic agents

A

coccidiomycosis (coccidiodides immitis, c.posadasii)

106
Q

etiologic factor: paracoccidiomycosis

A

paracoccidioides brasiliensis

107
Q

paracoccidiomycosis: primary route of infection

A

respiratory (unapparent, asymptomatic)

subsequent dissemination can cause striking lymph node involvement

108
Q

etiologic factors of candida

A

candida species

c. albicans
c. glabrata

109
Q

most common cause of yeast infection

A

c. albicans

110
Q

second most common disease causing species

A

c. glabrata

111
Q

candida: stains

A

PAS (periodic acid Schiff)

Gomori methenamine silver

112
Q

microbial communities consists of mixture of yeast, filamentous forms and fungal-derive ECM

A

biofilm

113
Q

factors that allow yeast to grow and cause infection

A

pH change
use of antibiotics
normal commensal flora breach
chemotherapy and bone marrow transplant

114
Q

T/F candida is not capable of phenotypic switching

A

F

it is capable of phenotypic switching

115
Q

reversible and random fashion

change characteristics to adapt to changes in host environment

A

phenotypic switching

116
Q

Host immune response

A

innate and T-cell responses
TH17 cells
neutrophils and macrophages

TH2: non protective (filamentous can escape phagocytosis
TH1: protective (yeast forms elicit this response)

117
Q

degrades ECM proteins

A

aspartyl proteinases

118
Q

resists oxidative killing

A

catalases

119
Q

blocks neutrophil oxygen radical production and degranulation

A

adenosine

120
Q

most common candida infection

A

thrush

121
Q

superficial infection on mucosal surfaces of oral cavity

A

thrush

122
Q

demonstrate white plaques and pseudomembranes resemling oral thrush on the esophageal mucosa

A

candida esophagitis

123
Q

intense itching; thick curdlike discharge

A

candida vaginitis

124
Q

infection of the nail proper

A

onychomycosis

125
Q

infection of the nail folds

A

paronychia

126
Q

infection of the hair follicle

A

folliculitis

127
Q

infection of the most intertriginous skin (armpits, webs of fingers and toes)

A

intertrigo

128
Q

infection of the penile skin

A

balanitis

129
Q

infection of the perineum of infants

A

diaper rash

130
Q

cutaneous candidiasis

A 
onychomycosis
parachonia
folliculitis
intertrigo
balanitis 
diaper rash
131
Q

candida infection: blood-borne dissemination to other tissues or organs

A

invasive candidiasis

132
Q

most common fungal endocarditis

A

candida endocarditis

133
Q

etiologic factor of cryptococcus

A

Cryptococcus neoformans & C. gattii

134
Q

cyptococcus: yeast or mold?

A

yeast form only (encapsulated yeast)

135
Q

major risk factor of crpytococcus

A

high dose corticosteroids

136
Q

soap-bubble lesions

A

cryptococcus (infects brain)

137
Q

cryptococcus: tests

A

india ink

cryptococcal antigen tests (recommended)

138
Q

aspergillosis: yeast or mold?

A

ubiquitous mold

139
Q

etiologic factor of aspergillosis

A

aspergillus sp.

A. fumigatus (most common)

140
Q

forms fruiting bodes and septate filaments branching at acute angles

A

aspergillus

141
Q

predisposing factors of aspergillosis

A

corticosteroids, neutropenia

142
Q

portal of entry of aspergillosis

A

lungs (airborne conidia)

143
Q

host response (aspergillosis)

A

macrophages phagocytose conidia

neutrophils kill hyphae

144
Q

Types of aspergillosis

A
  1. colonizing aspergillosis

2. invasive aspergillosis

145
Q

aspergilloma
growth of fungus in the pulmonary cavityies
minimal or no invasion of soft tissues
nose if often colonized

A

colonizing aspergillosis

146
Q

fungus balls within cavities

A

colonizing aspergillosis

colonizes a healed lung scar from previous disease

147
Q

aspergillosis associated with neutropenia

A

invasive aspergillosis

148
Q

“target lesions”

sharply delineated rounded gray foci and hemorrhagic borders

A

necrotizing pneumonia

149
Q

aspergillosis: hematogenous dissemination
tendency to infiltrate BV
necrotizing pneumonia

A

invasive

150
Q

zygomycosis (mucormycosis): yeast or mold

A

mold

151
Q

phycomycosis

A

zygomycosis

152
Q

caused by bread mold fungi

A

zygomycosis/mucormycosis

153
Q

right angle branching
non septate
irregularly wide hyphae

A

zygomycosis

154
Q

susceptible to zygomycosis

A

iron overload
corticosteroids
diabetes
neutropenia

155
Q

pathogenesis: zygomycosis

A

thermotolerant spores (airborne, asexual)

inhalation, percutaneous exposure, ingestion

156
Q

common in px with diabetes mellitus (zygomycosis)

A

rhinocerebelar zygomycosis

157
Q

etiologic factor of pneumocystis pneumonia

A

pneumocystis jiroveci

158
Q

AIDS-defining illness

A

pneumocystis pneumonia

159
Q

definite demonstration of cysts or TROPHOZOITES

A

pneumocystis pneumonia

160
Q

stain pneumocystis pneumonia

A

GMS stain

161
Q

opportunistic mycoses

A
  1. candida
  2. cryptococcus
  3. aspergillosis
  4. zygomycosis
  5. pneumocystis pneumonia
162
Q

seen in mycotic keratitis

A

fusarium

163
Q

one of the most drug-resistant fungi

may affect cornea (contact lens)

A

fusarium

164
Q

implicated in chronic fungal sinusitis

A

alternaria

PA22 (4 decks)

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