Gram Negative Cocci/Bacillus Flashcards
1
Q
macrophage infectious protein
A
in legionella - but it is a protein that can get into a macrophage, inhibit phagocytosis and lysozyme binding/fusion
2
Q
“subclinical”
A
high incidence of infection but low incidence of colonization - so a lot of carriers but don’t develop the pathology
3
Q
attack rate
A
cases / # exposures
4
Q
H antigen
A
flagella
5
Q
K antigen
A
capsule
6
Q
O antigen
A
LPS
7
Q
LT 1/2
A
enterotoxigenic ecoli (ETEC) - heat labile toxin
8
Q
ST 1/2
A
ETEC, enterotoxogenic ecoli - heat stable toxin
9
Q
Travelers Diarrhea
A
enterotoxic ecoli (ETEC)
10
Q
SLT 1/2
A
enterotoxin in EHEC or enterohemmorhagic ecoli; lysogenic properties
11
Q
how do enterotoxins work? (ie. LT 1/2)
A
bacterial attachment to (colonic) mucosa. penetration. ribosylates. cAMP damages membrane. binds internally. activates chloride channels. net loss of fluid and lytes.
12
Q
enterotoxins subunit A and B
A
B- attach to cell surface A- penetrate and effector (GTP binds target internally)
13
Q
Dysentary
A
enteroinvasive ecoli and shigella
14
Q
OMP 1 (neisseria)
A
mediates intracellular survival. protects pathogen.
15
Q
antibody to OMP1
A
protects host via stimulating phagocytosis - form of virulence
16
Q
OMP2 (neisseria)
A
adherance. r/t virulance.
17
Q
OMP3 (neisseria)
A
blocks antibody by blocking binding site of OMP1 - protects the organism/pathogen. component of virulence.
18
Q
opportunistic infection
A
when microorg in a persons flora or in the normal enviro produces a pathology/rxn when the host is unprotected or compromised
19
Q
polar flagella
A
toxin on both ends
20
Q
exotoxin A
A
opportunistic infection p. aerignosa - inhibits host cell protein synthesis
21
Q
exotoxin B
A
inhibits EF1 with protein synthesis in host. oportunic infection p. aeringosa
22
Q
zoonoses
A
a dz animals can tx to humans under normal, natural conditions
23
Q
zoonoses source?
A
food, water, insects and more
24
Q
how do you control zoonoses?
A
immuniza animal, process food from animals (ie. pasteurize milk), vector control, kill animals
25
bipolar staining
dye at both ends and have a blank space in the middle
26
YOPS
antiphagotic protein in bubonic plague - cytotoxic to phagocytes
27
Fra-1
antiphagocytic protein in bubonic plage - capsule
28
LCRv
takes YOPS into the cell in bubonic plague
29
what is serum resistance?
to antibodies and complement activation
30
Pla
in bubonic plague. allows pathogen to degrade and bust out of clots. to protect self.
31
what is a consequence of the metabolic adjustment of low Ca++ response?
break free of fibrin clot and spread and get into phagocytes in bubonic plague
32
what does legionella look like?
pleiomorphic. poorly stains unless with silver.
33
where does legionelle come from?
water
34
in what ways is legionella a facultative intracellular parasite?
macrophages, monocytes and ameobas.
35
what does legionella need as far as nutrients?
Fe++ and cysteine
36
what special OMPs does Legionella have?
macrophage infectious protein
37
how do you transmit legionella?
NO P2P; inhalation of droplets; NO ANIMAL VECTOR
38
describe Legionella infection and where it affects body
pneumonia/Respiratory; can be subclinical or subacute (in Pontiac Fever)
39
what increases the risk of Legionella?
smoke, eton, immunosup, old age
40
recovery from Legionella?
cell mediated immunity
41
compare legionare dz and pontiac fever
epidemic in fever (whereas other is both that and sporadic)
```
pontiac has:
higher attack rate
lower mortality
no resp or extrapulm involvement
shorter incubation
self limiting
```
42
what is the best lab test to dx legionella? pitfalls?
type 1 antigen in the urine with EIA or latex agglutination. weakness: can only ID serotype 1
also molecular amplification - pcr - but must be invasive
43
why are cultures and serology bad for legionella?
culture bad bc complicated medium
serology bad because it takes a long time and the titer must increase four fold bc exposure does not always mean attack
44
how do you treat, control and prevent legionella?
treat: macrolides - anything that can get into the cell and accumulate
NO CEPHALOSPORINS
control; hyper heat hyper chlorinate
prevent: reduce aerosols
45
where does enteropathic (EPEC), enteroaggregative (EAggEc), Enteroinvasive (EIEC), enterotoxigenic (ETEC), enterohemmoragic (EHEC) colonize?
all in small intestine besides enteroinvasive EIEC
46
where does enteropathic (EPEC), enteroaggregative (EAggEc), Enteroinvasive (EIEC), enterotoxigenic (ETEC), enterohemmoragic (EHEC) - which have bloody diarrhea?
only EIEC and EHEC
47
where does enteropathic (EPEC), enteroaggregative (EAggEc), Enteroinvasive (EIEC), enterotoxigenic (ETEC), enterohemmoragic (EHEC) have toxin?
all + except:
| - toxin: EPEC, EIEC
48
where does enteropathic (EPEC), enteroaggregative (EAggEc), Enteroinvasive (EIEC), enterotoxigenic (ETEC), enterohemmoragic (EHEC) penetrate or effacement?
all penetrate except EPEC and EAggEc
+ Effacement: EPEC
- Effacement : EAggEc
49
what are the S+S of subclinical EAggEc?
chronic inflammation
50
What is common cause of EAggEc?
mal nut and mal abs in kids
51
which ecoli strand is ulcerative?
EIEC and EHEC
52
what are the three S+S of EHEC? enterohemmorhagic
hemolytic anemia
thrombocytopenia
acute renal failure
53
what is subtype 1 of salmonella? where?
humans and warm blooded animals
54
does salmonella have flagella? toxin?
yes; no toxin
55
what are some of the factors that help salmonellas virulence?
1. can live at a low ph
2. OMP allows to adhere and invade
3. capsule
4. faculative parasite
56
explain the pathogenesis of salmonella
adhere to microvilli in terminal small bowel. invade and penetrate epithelial mucosa. cause inflammation . invade lymph nodes. very rarely blood.
57
what are hosts and vehicles of salmonella?
hosts - animals and people; vehicles: animal product food; turtles
58
what is enteric fever and what are the early and late phases?
a serotype of salmonella. early you have bacteremia and fever and later you may have fever and gastroenteritis - an asymptomatic carrier sheds for 1 year with a reservoir the gall bladder
59
Shigella - does it have flagella? toxin?
no and yes
60
explain pathogenesis of shigella
low infective dose, proliferate in small intestine. colonize in colonic mucose. spread laterally to epithelial cells. cause damage and ulcers.
61
what 2 infections use pedicles?
shigella and EAggEc
62
2 stages of shigella
early/ toxigenic - fever, watery stool
| later/invasive - fever, bloody stool
63
transmission of shigella
human carriers, P2P, risk to kids
64
how can you tx, control and prevent shigella?
tx - none; control: clean food etc; prevent - no vaccine
65
Neisseria gonnorheae: colonize?
mucous membranes in humans
66
Neisseria gonnorheae: needs to grow?
capnophilic, Fe++, Co2, narrow temp range
67
Neisseria gonnorheae: virulent strands have?
pili ---- but also all have capsules
68
Neisseria gonnorheae: qualities r/t virulance
1. pili adhere
2. OMP 1, 2, 3
3. lactoferrin and transferrin binding (Fe++ easily)
4. endotoxin for inflammation
5. IgA protease
69
Neisseria gonnorheae: s+s
men - always
| women - none
70
Neisseria gonnorheae: gram stain, culture, nucleic acid probes, serology, molecular amplification
gram stain: only good for males because females often don't express so you may see inflammation but you can't differentiate
culture: medium too complicated also it dies in transport bc narrow temp and capnophilia
nucleic acid probes: high specificity but low sensitivity
serology - nope
molecular amplification: best bc it is independent of viability. so if it dies in transport it is ok. also the fact that you don't have to swab a guys penis is appealing to men
71
Neisseria gonnorheae: treatment, control, prevention
no protective immunity after infection and no vaccine
prevent/control: sex ed, reg check ups
tx: abc but resistance is an issue
72
Neisseria gonnorheae: effector system?
sexually transmitted dz
73
p. aeringosa: type and characteristics
opportunistic infection; polar flagella, aerobic and oxidative, simple nutritional req, produce green pigment
74
p. aeringosa: virulence
endotoxin, exocellular enzymes - inhibit prot synthesis - exotoxin A, exoenzyme S
75
y. pestis
bubonic plague
76
y. pestis stain
bipolar
77
y. pestis virulance
pili, antiphagocytic proteins (yops, Fra-1); serum resistance; Pla - break clot, Low Ca++ response, get Fe++ easily to grow
78
y. pestis transmission
rodents - fleas - reguritate clot on a person -
p2p via droplet.
79
y. pestis s+s
60% to nodes, bubo
30% to lungs (cough blood) via blood
80
y. pestis: tx, control, prevent
tx- ?
control- surveillance of rodents
prevent: avoid flea bites, barrier protection when handling animals at risk, immunize those are risk
81
which of the gram negative organisms are NOT p2p?
legionella
82
which gram negative organisms are facultative parasites?
legionella, salmonella
83
shape of: legionella, salmonella, shigella, gonnorhea, aerugonisa, pestis?
legionella: short bacilli or coccobacilli
salmonella: faculative baccilus
shigella; faculative baccilus
n. gonnorhea: diplococci
p. aeruginosa: straight baccilus
y. pestis: cooco-baccilus
84
endotoxin v. exotoxin
endotoxin: gram negative, heat stable, LPS, nonspecific
exotoxin: postive and negative, heat labile, specific target on host
85
sylvatic plague
wild rodents
86
urban plague
urban rodents
