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CMOD > Gram Negative Bacterial Infections > Flashcards

Gram Negative Bacterial Infections Flashcards

1
Q

Clinically Important Gram Negative Cocci

A
  1. Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus)
  2. Neisseria gonorrhea
  3. Moraxella catarrhalis
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2
Q

*primary human pathogens

whatever this means

A

Neisseria species

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3
Q

Classification of Neisseria

A

Gram Negative diplococci

“kissing kidney beans”

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4
Q

Outer membrane characteristics of all Neisseria

A

Lipooligosaccharide (LOS) and *not LPS

–>Lipid A endotoxin is connected to a SHORTER chain than LPS’s O antigen

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5
Q

Leading cause of meningitis in 2-18 year olds

A

N. meningitidis (meningococcus)

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6
Q

Define meningococcemia

A

sepsis + meningitis

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7
Q

Route o infection of N. meningitidis

A

Respiratory

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8
Q

who is at greatest risk for N meningitidis

A

military personnel and dorm residents are susceptible to outbreaks
*vaccines are available but do not cover all serotypes

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9
Q

Key virulence factor for N meningitidis

A
  1. polysaccharide capsule

2. Endotoxin (lipid A of LOS)

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10
Q

Mode of infection for N. gonorrhea (gonococcus)

A

Sexually-transmitted

*second to only chlamydia for reported bacterial infections

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11
Q

Prominent diseases associated with N. gonorrhea

A
  1. purulent urethritis
  2. pelvic inflammatory disease
  3. disseminated infection
  4. frequently occurs in conjunction with chlamydia
    * clinical note,during pelvic exams you often swab for “GC/Chlamydia”= Gonococcus/Chlamydia
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12
Q

Virulence factors of N. gonorrhea

A
  1. pili (attachment, antiphagocytic, and antigenic variation caa lead to over 100 serotypes)
  2. Iga Protease
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13
Q

Gram Negative rods related to the GI/GU tract

A
  1. Escherichia coli
  2. Salmonella
  3. Shigella
  4. Campylobacter jejjuni
  5. Vibrio cholera
  6. Helicobacter pylori
  7. Bacteroides
    8.Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  8. Klebseilla pneumoniae
    10.
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14
Q

Gram negative rod prevalence in colon and feces

A

bacteroides (obligate anaerobes) are most prevalent and second is E. coli

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15
Q

Unique metabolic features of Gram Negative rods

A
  1. Facultative anaerobes that can ferment glucose

2. some can ferment lactose

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16
Q

Normal Flora of the colon

A

E. coli

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17
Q

Prominent diseases caused by E. coli

A
  1. UTI
  2. Neonatal meningitis
  3. Sepsis
  4. diarrheal disease
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18
Q

Virulence factor of E. coli leading to UTI’s

A

P-type pilus allows for adherence to upper urinary tract

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19
Q

Virulence factor of E. coli leading to neonatal meningitis

A

K1 capsule, LPS

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20
Q

Virulence factor of E. coli leading to Sepsis (aka disseminated intravascular coagulation)

A

Capsule formation, LPS (lipid A endotoxin)

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21
Q

Unique characteristics of E. coli induced diarrheal disease

A
  1. Normal flora E. coli CANNOT CAUSE ENTERIC DISEASE

2. acquired PAI’s (pathogenicity islands) determine the type of diarrhea

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22
Q

Type of diarrhea

A
  1. Traveler’s diarrhea (ETEC=enterotoxogenic E. coli)

2. Enterohemorrhagic diarrhea (EHEC O157: H7)

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23
Q

ETEC characters

A
  1. contracted thru poor sanitation

2. Presents as watery diarrhea as the result of two exotoxins ( an AB toxin)–> acts similar to cholera

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24
Q

EHEC characters

A
  1. contracted thru consumption of uncooked ground beef
  2. Shiga Toxin encoded on lysogenic phage (an AB toxin that inhibits protein synthesis–> produces inflammatory (bloody) diarrhea
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25
Q

other key virulence factors of EHEC

A
  1. type III secretion system encoded on a PAI

2. Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (usually in the very young) where SHIGA toxin causes anemia and renal failure

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26
Q

What Type of pathogen is Salmonella

A

Frank Pathogen (its presents constitutes having the disease)

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27
Q

Prominent diseases associated with salmonella

A
  1. enterocolitis (salmonellosis)

* caused by Salmonella enteriditis or Salmonella typhimurium

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28
Q

top cause of food poisoning

A

salmonella from contaminated food, especially poultry and eggs

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29
Q

Key virulence factor of salmonella

A
  1. type III secretion system

2. ability to kill macrophages

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30
Q

Typhoid (enteric) fever causing pathogen

A

S. Typhi

*associated with wars and abject poverty

31
Q

transmission of S. typhi

A

human to human only

32
Q

Virulence factors of S. Typhi

A
  1. Vi antigen–> inhibits phagocytosis by neutrophils and baulity to replicate in macrophages
33
Q

Means by which S. typhi infect host

A
  1. begins in GI tract
  2. quickly disseminates due to survival in macrophages
  3. Eventually reaches RES
  4. death can occur by hemorrhage at ruptured peyers patches
34
Q

Shigella causes

A

Bloody diarrhea (dysentery)

35
Q

Reservoir for Shigella transmission

A

humans only, very low dose needed for infection

*fecal-oral route most common in small children

36
Q

two forms of Shigella

A
  1. S. sonnei (most common form in US)

2. S. dysenteria (worldwide)–> more severe symptoms

37
Q

Virulence factor for shigella

A

Phage encoded SHIGA toxin

38
Q

define microerophile

A

a microorganism that requires oxygen to survive, but requires environments containing lower levels of oxygen than are present in the atmosphere

H. Pylori and Campylobacter

39
Q

Most common bacterial GI infection in developed countries

A

Campylobacter jejuni

40
Q

ex of a microaerophile

A

C. jejuni

*s shaped curved rods

41
Q

Source of C. jejuni

A

undercooked poultry, beef and unpasteurized milk

42
Q

Symptoms of C. jejuni

A

watery diarrhea that progresses to inflammatory (bloody) diarrhea

43
Q

What shape are Vibrio species?

A

curved rods

44
Q

Vibrio cholera causes _______ which results from_____?

A
  1. Cholera

2. shit-tastic water and shit-tastic food (literally)

45
Q

Geographical distribution of Cholera

A

tropical strains–> posses O1 and O139 strains (most virulent)

46
Q

Virulence factor of Cholera

A
  1. Cholera toxin (A-B exotoxin) derived from lysogenic phage

2. AB toxin ADP ribosylates G proteins–> leading to release of electrolyts and water from enterocytes

47
Q

V. parahemolyticus causes_____ from______?

A

watery diarrhea
from
consumption of poopy shellfish

48
Q

Shape of H. Pylori

A

curved rods

49
Q

Disease caused by H. pylori

A

GI ulcer

50
Q

Key virulence factor for H. pylori

A
  1. urease which turns urea into ammonia and CO2
    - -> reduces stomach acidity of the stomach making it more neutral)
  2. TWO TOXINS ARE INTRODUCED TO THE CELL VIA TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM
51
Q

chronic ulceration by H. Pylori can lead to?

A

MALT B-cell tumors

52
Q

Key characteristics of Bacteroides

A
  1. obligate anaerobes

2. predominant species of colon

53
Q

When bacteroides escape GI tract due to sx. trauma they cause

A

intra-abdominal abscesses

*many H. pylori infections are mixed with another microbes that requires O2

54
Q

Key Virulence Factors for H. Pylori

A
  1. polysaccharide capsule

2. enzymes that destroy tissue (collagenase and lipase)

55
Q

Characters of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A
  1. obliate anaerobe
  2. found mostly in soil and water
  3. carried by 10% of population in colon but causes extra-GI disease
56
Q

Prominent disease of P. aeruginosa

A
  • opportunistic pathogen that is multi-drug resistant
    1. skin infection of burn pt.’s
    2. pulmonary infection of CF pt.’s
    3. nosocomial pneumonia associated with ventialtorse
    4. sepsis
57
Q

Key virulence factors of P. aeruginosa

A
  1. LPS endotoxin
  2. Numerous degradative enzymes (elastace and proteases)
  3. Exotoxin A: Ab toxin similar to diphtheria toxin–>tissue necrosis
  4. pyocyanin–> blue enzyme that damages lung tisseue
  5. Type III secretion system
58
Q

Where would you pick up Klibseilla pneumoniae

A

GI tract, Soil, water

59
Q

Opportunistic infections cauased by K. pneumoniae

A
  1. nosocomial pneumonia
  2. aspiration penumonia
  3. bloody sputum called “currant jelly”
60
Q

Key virulence factor of K. pneumoniae

A

thick polysaccharide capsule–> “goopy colonies” on agar plates

61
Q

KPC

A

Carbapenem resistant K penumoniae–> resistant to almost all antibiotics

62
Q

Major resistance factor more prevalent in Gram negative species than gram positive

A

Plasmid mediated antibiotic resistance

63
Q

90% of acute diarrheas are caused by

A

viruses

64
Q

persistent diarrhea is caused often by

A

parasites

65
Q

Gram Negative rods related to the Respiratory tract

A
  1. Haemophilus influenzae
  2. Bordatella pertussis
  3. Legionella pneumophila
66
Q

H. influenzae characteristics

A
  1. coccobacillus ???
  2. human reservoir
  3. most infection occur in the very young
67
Q

Prominent diseases caused by H. influenzae

A
  1. meningitis–> now less common due to capsular vaccine
  2. Otitis media and sinusitis
    - ->second only to S. penumoniae
  3. almost exclusively the cause of epiglottitis in children
  4. pneumonia in the elderly
68
Q

Key virulence factor of H. influenzae

A

Type b capsule

69
Q

Feature of Bordatella pertussis

A

encapsulated coccobacillus

human reservoir

70
Q

B. pertussis causes

A

whooping cough (tracheo-bronchitis with severe cough)

71
Q

Key virulence factor of B. pertussis

A
  1. pertussis toxin–> AB toxin (acts similar to cholera toxin= Ribosylation of G proteins)
  2. cytotoxin-> fragment of cell wall that kills cilia in lungs
72
Q

Why is pertussis rare disease in US

A
  • acellular vaccine that contains altered pertussis toxin

* part ot DTap, TdaP

73
Q

Characteristics of Legionella pneumophila

A
  1. water-born pathogen

2. community and hospital acquired atypical pneumonia

74
Q

Virulence factor for L. pneumophila

A

LPS

CMOD (19 decks)

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