Gram negative bacteria

Question 1

Whooping Cough

non enteric infection

Answer 1

Bordatella pertussis
Stage 1 = Catarrhal (1/2 weeks), runny nose, low grade fever, occasional cough, very contagious
Stage 2 = Paroxymal (1/6 weeks), ‘whoop’ sound cough, exhaustion
Stage 3 = Convalescent (2/3 weeks), susceptible to other respiratory infections
Transmitted through droplets in the air
Vaccination at 2m, 3m,4m, 40m
Treated with erythromycin

Question 2

Bacterial Meningitis (gram -)
(non enteric infection)

Answer 2

Inflammation of the lining of the brain
CSF culture to see if bacteria is in fluid
Haemophilus influenza (gram -):
- typical during early childhood
- capsulated vs. Non capsulated forms
Neisseria meningitides:
- symptoms: vomiting, dehydration, seizures, comas

Question 3

Gonorrhoea

Gram-negative sexually transmitted infections, non enteric infection

Answer 3

Urethral infection:        MEN
-discharge, dysuria 
Rectal infection:
-anal discharge, mainly asymptomatic
Pharyngeal
Endocervical infection:     WOMEN
- Frequently asymptomatic, vaginal discharge , lower abdominal pain 
Urethral infection:
-may cause dysuria, rectal infection, usually asymptomatic
Pharyngeal infection:
Usually asymptomatic
Complications:
- may develop: pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), infertility, ectopic pregnancy, rare, but can spread to blood and joints, passage to baby during birth: neonatal conjunctivitis

Question 4

Proteus

enteric infection

Answer 4

Colonisation and blockage of catheters
Proteus mirabilis:
- can cause UTIs, pneumonia
- encrustation of catheters, biofilm formation

Question 5

Escherichia Coli

enteric infection

Answer 5

Bacteraemia (bugs in the blood)
GI infections, UTIs, neonatal meningitis
Transmission by uncooked meat, unpasteurised dairy products, contaminated fruit and veg
> E. coli UTI infections:
- positive identification of UTI = increased bacteria cell numbers, increased white blood cells
- types of UTIs: Cystitis (treated by GP), Pyelonephritis (severe lower back pain, fever), Urethritis
> Diarrhoeagenic E. coli:
- causes mild gastroenteritis to severe bloody diarrhoea, Haemolytic uremic syndrome

Question 6

Salmonella

enteric infection

Answer 6

Self-limiting GI infections (diarrhoea) and enteric fever (typhoid)
Non-typhoidal salmonella:
- gastroenteritis and diarrhoea short clinical course of 10 days
Typhoidal salmonella:
- enteric fever, systemic infections, diarrhoea
- 3 week symptoms

Question 7

Bacteraemia and sepsis

Answer 7

Bacteraemia = bugs in the blood, can lead to sepsis 
Sepsis = fever (>38c) or hypothermia (