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Cojo's Step Cards, Bugs > Gram + Bacteria > Flashcards

Gram + Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

S. Aureus Lab Algorithm

A

Gram +
Cocci in Clusters
Catalase +
Coagulase +

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2
Q

S. Aureus Virulence Factor, Main Toxin, and Colonization

A

Virulence Factor: Protein A (binds Fc-IgG, inhibiting complement and phagocytosis)
Toxin: TSST (binds MHCII and TCR, inducing T cells)
Colonization: Commonly colonizes the nose and skin

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3
Q

S. Aureus Diseases (2 main ones)

A 
Inflammatory Disease (skin, organs, pneumonia, endocarditis, osteomyelitis)
Toxin-mediated disease (toxic shock:TSST1, scalded skin:exfoliative toxin, food poisoning:entertoxins)
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4
Q

Staph epidermidis Lab Algorithm

A 
Gram +
Cocci in clusters
Catalase +
Coagulase -
Novobiocin sensitive
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5
Q

Staph epidermidis Pathology and Flora

A

Infects prothetic devices and intravenous catheters by producing adherent biofilms
Component of normal skin flora (contaminates blood cultures)

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6
Q

Staph saprophyticus Lab Algorithm and Presentation

A

Gram + cocci in clusters, catalase +, coagulase -, novobiocin resistant
Second most common cause of uncomplicated UTI in young women (first is E. coli)

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7
Q

Staphylococcus epidermidis and saprophyticus Treatment

A

Needs to include Vancomycin

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8
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes Lab Algorithm

A

Gram + cocci in chains, catalase -, beta hemolytic,

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9
Q

Strep pyogenes (Group A) Lab Algorithm

A

Gram + cocci in chains, catalase -, beta hemolytic, bacitracin sensitive
ASO titer detects regent infection

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10
Q

Strep pyogenes Presentation (3 Main Categories)

A

Pyogenic: pharyngitis, cellulitis, impetigo
Toxigenic: scarlet fever, toxic shock-like
Immunologic: rheumatic fever, acute glomerulonephritis

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11
Q

JONES Criteria for rheumatic fever

A 
Polyarthritis
Carditits
Subcutaneous nodules
Erythema marginatum
Sydenham chorea
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12
Q

Scarlet Fever

A

Caused by toxins (exotoxin A?) secreted by Strep pyogenes
Scarlet rash with sandpaper-like texture
Strawberry tongue (also kawasaki)
Circumoral pallor

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13
Q

M Proteins

A

These are proteins on Strep pyogenes

Antibodies to M proteins enhance host defenses against Strep pyogenes, but also can give rise to rheumatic fever

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14
Q

Strep agalactiae (Group B) Lab Algorithm

A

Gram + cocci in chains, catalase -, beta hemolytic, bacitracin resistant

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15
Q

Strep agalactiae Presentation

A

Colonizes vagina
Can cause pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis in babies
Produ

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16
Q

Strep agalactiae Presentation

A

Colonizes vagina
Can cause pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis in babies
Produces CAMP factor (enlarges S aureus hemolysis)
Pregnant women screened at 35 weeks and positive cultures receieve intrapartum penicillin prophylaxis

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17
Q

Strep pneumoniae Lab Algorithm

A

Gram + cocci in chains (diplococci?), catalase -, alpha hemolytic, optochin sensitive
Lancet-shaped

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18
Q

Strep pnuemoniae Presentation

A 
Associated with a "rust colored sputum" 
Most common cause of:
Meningitits
Otitis media (in children)
Pneumonia
Sinusitis
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19
Q

Strep pneumoniae Virulence Factor

A 
IgA protease (cleaves IgA in order to colonize respiratory mucosa)
Polysaccharide Capsule
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20
Q

Strep pneumoniae Lab Algorithm

A

Gram + cocci in chains (diplococci?), catalase -, alpha hemolytic, optochin sensitive, bile soluble (lysed by bile)
Lancet-shaped

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21
Q

Strep pneumoniae Virulence Factor

A 
IgA protease (cleaves IgA in order to colonize respiratory mucosa)
Polysaccharide Capsule
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22
Q

Viridans Group Streptococci Lab Algorithm

A

Gram + cocci in chains, catalase -, alpha hemolytic, optochin resistant, bile insoluble (not lysed by bile)

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23
Q

Viridans Group streptococci Presentation

A

Normal flora of the oropharynx
Cause dental caries (mutans)
Cause subacute bacterial endocarditis and damaged valves (sanguinis–makes dextrans which bind to fibrin-platelet aggregates on damaged valves)

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24
Q

Viridans Group streptococci Presentation

A

Normal flora of the oropharynx
Cause dental caries (mutans)
Cause subacute bacterial endocarditis and damaged valves (sanguinis–makes dextrans which bind to fibrin-platelet aggregates on damaged valves)

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25
Enterococci (Group D strep) Lab Algorithm
Gram + cocci in chains, catalase -, gamma hemolytic (but variable actually), growth in bile and 6.5% NaCl (E. faecalis)
26
Enterococci Presentation
Normal colonic flora that are penicillin G resistant UTI, biliary tract infections, and subacute endocarditis following GI/GU procedures Treat with vancomycin (unless VRE)
27
Strep bovis (Group D strep) Lab Algorithm
Gram + cocci in chains, catalase -, gamma hemolytic (but variable actually), growth in bile but not 6.5% NaCl
28
Enterococci (Group D strep) Lab Algorithm
Gram + cocci in chains, catalase -, gamma hemolytic, growth in bile and 6.5% NaCl (E. faecalis)
29
Strep bovis (Group D strep) Lab Algorithm
Gram + cocci in chains, catalase -, gamma hemolytic (but variable actually), growth in bile but not 6.5% NaCl
30
Strep bovis Presentation
Colonizes the gut | Can cause bactermia and subacute endocarditis in colon cancer patients
31
Strep bovis Presentation
Colonizes the gut | Can cause bactermia and subacute endocarditis in colon cancer patients
32
Gram + Rods
``` Clostridium (anaerobe) Corynebacterium Listeria Bacillus (aerobe) Mycobacterium (acid-fast) ```
33
Corynebacterium diphtheriae Lab Diagnosis
``` Gram + Rod (coryne=club shaped) Non-spore forming Motile Metachromatic (blue and red) Granules Elek test for diptheria toxin Black colonies on cystine-tellurite agar ```
34
Corynebacterium diphtheriae Presentation
Diptheriae: Pharyngitis with pseudmomembranes in throat Severe lymphadenopathy (bull neck) Myocarditis Arrhythmias Note that toxoid vaccine prevents diphtheria
35
Costridia Lab Diagnosis
Gram positive bacilli Spore forming Obligate anaerobes All motile spores except C. perfringens
36
C. tetani Toxin and Presentation
Tetanus Toxin | Spastic paralysis, trismus (lockjaw), and risus sardonicus (facial spasm--looks like grinning)
37
C. botulinum Toxin, Transmission, and Presentation
Heat labile Botulin Toxin Transmitted in adults by ingesting preformed toxin Transmitted in kids by ingesting spores in honey Presentation: botulism (descending flaccid paralysis)
38
C. perfringes Toxin and Presentation
Alpha toxin (a phospholipase) Myonecrosis (gas gangrene)--may need amputation Hemolysis
39
C. difficile Toxins, Presentation, and Treatment
``` Toxin A (enterotoxin) and Toxin B (cytotoxin) Leads to pseudomembranous colitis and diarrhea often secondary to antibiotic use (especially clindamycin or ampicillin) Treatment: metronidazole or ORAL vancomycin or fecal transplant for recurrent cases ```
40
Bacillus Lab Algorithm
Gram + Bacilli Spore forming Obligate aerobe B. cereus is motile and B. anthracis is not motile
41
Bacillus anthracis Toxin, Capsule, and Presentation
Anthrax toxin PolyPEPTIDE capsule (D glutamate) Causes cutaneous, pulmonary, or ingested anthrax
42
Cutaneous Anthrax Presentation
Boil-like lesion leads to ulcer with black eschar which can uncommonly progress to bacteremia and death
43
Pulmonary Anthrax Presentation
Inhalation of spores leads to flu-like symptoms that rapdily progress to fever, pulmonary hemorrhage, mediastinitis, and shock. Death is 100%. Woolsorters' disease is inhalation of spores from contaminated wool
44
Ingested Anthrax Presentation
Throat and intestine lesions leads to dysentery
45
Bacillus cereus Presentation
Causes food poisoning Emetic type usually seen with rice and pasta from the heat stable toxin and is seen 1-5 hours after ingestion Diarrheal type is from the heat labile toxin and is seen 8-18 hours after ingestion
46
Listeria monocytogenes Lab Algorithm
Gram + bacilli Non-spore forming Motile Only Gram + with LPS
47
Listeria monocytogenes Transmission
Ingestion of unpasteurized dairy products and deli meats, transplacental transmission, or vaginal transmission during birth
48
Listeria monocytogenes Presentation
Can cause amnionitis, septicemia, and spontaneous abortion in pregenant women Meningitis in immunocompromised or neonates Mild gastroenteritis in healthy
49
Listeria monocytogenes Treatment
Gastroenteritis self limited | Ampicillin for meningitis
50
Actinomyces Information
Gram + beaded filaments (resembling fungi) Transmitted by trauma Anaerobic and not acid fast Normal oral flora Causes oral/facial abscesses that drain through sinus tracts, forming yellow "sulfur granules"
51
Nocardia Information
Gram + beaded filaments (resembling fungi) Transmitted by inhalation (found in soil) Acid fast Pulmonary infections in immunocompromised (also kidney/brain abscesses) and cutaneous infections after trauma in immunocompetent
52
Actinomyces/Nocardia Treatment
SNAP: Sulfonamides for nocardia (SN) Actinomyces: penicillin
53
Primary TB
ASK RJ
54
Secondary TB
ASK RJ
55
Mycobacteria Lab Diagnosis
Gram + Rod | Acid Fast
56
M. kansasii and M. avium Presentation
M. kansasii: pulmonary TB like symptoms | M. avium: disseminated, non-TB disease in AIDS
57
TB Symptoms
Fever Night Sweats Weight Loss Hemoptysis
58
Leprosy Basic Information
Caused by M. leprae (likes cool temperatures) Infects skin and superficial nerves (glove and stocking loss of sensation) Reservoir of ARMADILLOS Treatment: Multidrug therapy (dapsone and rifampin for 6 months + clofazimine and 2-5 years instead for lepromatous)
59
Tuberculoid Leprosy
Limited to a few hypoesthetic hairless skin plaques High cell mediated immunity with a largely TH1 immune response (strong immune response) Could have granulomas
60
Lepromatous Leprosy
Diffusely over the skin and is communicable | Low cell-mediated immunity with a HUMORAL and TH2 response (weak immune response)

Cojo's Step Cards, Bugs (14 decks)

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