Grains

Question 1

objectives of feed formulation (3)

Answer 1

meet animals nutrient requirement for specific stage of life
formulate for the least cost option
use ingredients which are available on a consistent basis

Question 2

what nutrients do we need to supply to animals

Answer 2

energy
protein
essential fatty acids
minerals
vitamins

Question 3

DM vs As fed

Answer 3

monogastrics are formulated as fed whereas ruminants are on a DM basis as some ingredients are very high in water (silage)
accounts for water dense feed which is diluting out the nutrients

Question 4

main fed grain in the world

Answer 4

corn

Question 5

energy protein trend for corn

Answer 5

high energy (65% starch, 3.6% oil)
low protein (8%)

Question 6

pigment that colours animal products

Answer 6

xanthophylls in corn

Question 7

what does unsaturated oil do to animal fat

Answer 7

makes fat softer

Question 8

dent corn

Answer 8

normally fed
dent in crown

Question 9

flint corn

Answer 9

strong endosperm that required different grinding techniques

Question 10

why is corn low protein

Answer 10

low lysine and tryptophan

Question 11

main use of growing wheat

Answer 11

human consumption, off grade is used for animal feed

Question 12

what animals have wheat based feeds?

Answer 12

poultry and hogs

Question 13

wheat energy protein trends

Answer 13

modest to high energy and protein levels

Question 14

benefits of using wheat

Answer 14

improve carcass and meat quality by making fat whiter and harder

Question 15

3 classifications of wheat

Answer 15

soft, hard, durum

Question 16

soft wheat characteristics

Answer 16

higher yield
higher starch
lower protein

Question 17

hard wheat characteristics

Answer 17

higher protein (11-15% CP)
lower starch

Question 18

what makes wheat good for processing

Answer 18

makes a good pellet binder especially hard wheat due to higher protein level

Question 19

why would wheat be downgraded (3)

Answer 19

mildew, sprouting, fusarium

Question 20

what species is fusarium especially a concern in

Answer 20

swine

Question 21

primary cereal grown in western canada for feed

Answer 21

barley

Question 22

where is barley mainly used

Answer 22

cattle and pigs
too low energy for broiler diets

Question 23

protein of barley

Answer 23

relatively high (11.5%)

Question 24

what is most barley grown for?

Answer 24

malt barley but only a portion is selected for this and most gets used in feed

Question 25

type of barley for food

Answer 25

hulless barley

Question 26

B glucan

Answer 26

causes malabsorption of fat
can be used as a tool to reduce cholesterol but isn’t loved in the feed industry

Question 27

first limiting amino acids

Answer 27

lysine
methionine

Question 28

barley in swine diets (3)

Answer 28

often used as sole cereal depending on relative price
contains more digestible lysine, threonine, methionine, and tryptophan
contains significantly more phosphorus than corn

Question 29

why does barley work so well in gestating sow diets

Answer 29

high fiber content

Question 30

using barley in poultry diets (3)

Answer 30

not high enough energy to be a sole source of energy
must add in a B glucanase enzyme to maximize energy utilization and minimize sticky litter
fiber content promotes healthy and functioning gizzard

Question 31

feed use for oats

Answer 31

mainly horses and staring feedlot cattle

Question 32

what limits oat use in hog and poultry diets

Answer 32

high fiber lower energy

Question 33

oats CP

Answer 33

11%

Question 34

oat groats (5)

Answer 34

used in pig stater rations
remove hull concentrating nutritional values and increasing digestibility
low vomitoxin
17% higher energy than barley
protein similar to hard wheat

Question 35

rye energy protein trends

Answer 35

high energy and protein

Question 35

where is rye typically grown

Answer 35

sandy soils and low precipitation areas

Question 36

where is rye commonly used

Answer 36

cattle and hog feeds

Question 37

what limits rye use in poultry

Answer 37

high pentosna levels as it makes litter very sticky

Question 38

what should be considered fungally when using rye

Answer 38

more susceptible to ergot which can lead to vasoconstriction and other issues