Grading and Stages of Tumours Flashcards
What is tumour Grade?
What is tumour Stage?
What is Grading and Staging ONLY used for?
What is Grading and Staging important for?
- Degree of DIFFERENTIATION
- Extent of tumour SPREAD
- MALIGNANT TUMOURS
- Prognosis and Management planning
TUMOUR GRADE:
What is its assessment based on?
→ What would make the assessment of grade more accurate?
What does Grade 1 indicate?
What does Grade 2 indicate?
What does Grade 3 indicate?
How does the grade relate to the aggressiveness of a tumour?
- Cell’s Cytology (appearance) and Architecture
→ Removing the whole tumour - Well differentiated - Resembles tissue of origin
- Moderate differentiation - Some resemblance
- Poorly differentiated - No resemblance
- The Higher the Grade, the more aggressive the tumour is
TUMOUR STAGE:
How can tumours spread?
→ When spreading within the CNS, what is it confined by?
What is used to assess this?
Why’s it important to assess the Stage before treatment?
What does the TNM System comprise of?
What does the Dukes Staging for Colorectal Cancer comprise of?
What does the Ann Arbor Staging for Hodgkin’s Lymphoma comprise of?
- Neighbouring tissue, Lymphatics, Blood, Nerves, Coelomic cavities
→ BBB - Imaging (USS, XR, CT, MRI, PET), Tissue biopsy, and Surgical exploration (Laparotomy)
- Chemotherapy can affect the stage of the tumour
- • Tumour size - T1 to T4, Tx, T0, Tis
• Nodes - Spread to local lymph nodes
• Metastasis - Distant Metastasis - • A - Confined to Bowel wall
• B - Through Bowel wall but not to Lymph nodes
• C - Involves Lymph nodes - • Stage I - 1 node group
• Stage II - >1 node group on same side of diaphragm
• Stage III - Node groups on either side of diaphragm
• Stage IV - Non-lymphoid organs involved
Prognosis:
What are factors important here?
What is used to measure it?
- Classification (Histological subtype), Grade (Differentiation), and Stage (Spread)
- Overall survival (OS), Disease-free survival (DFS)/Progression-free survival (PFS), and Response rate (RR)
