Grade 9 - Unit 4 - Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration & Enzymes Flashcards
Chem is way better than Bio
What organelle is used in Photosynthesis?
Chloroplasts (Which contains the chemical for Photosynthesis, Chlorphyll)
Why do plant cells have cell walls, but animal cells don’t?
Plants don’t have bones, so they need another way of staying upright to reach the sunlight, which is what cell walls are used for
What chemical is used in Photosynthesis?
Chlorphyll
(Which is located inside the organelles, Chloroplasts)
What is the formula for Photosynthesis?
6 Water + 6 Carbon Dioxide —> 1 Glucose + 6 Oxygen
6 H2O + 6 CO2 —> C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Light energy is used to transform it
Where is the stomata located and why?
The stomata is located on the bottom of leaves to keep them in the shade and prevent sunlight from evaporating too much water
What controls when the stomata opens and closes?
2 guard cells on either side
What are the stomata used for?
Gas Exchange, the stomata open to collect carbon dioxide and oxygen, however risk losing water in the process
What is the cuticle?
A waxy, protective covering on the plants. They are hydrophobic to prevent water loss, and they keep out unwanted substances
When are the stomata open?
During the day due to photosynthesis, and they close during the night
What are the function of the roots?
- Anchor the plants in the ground
- Store food
- Collect Water and minerals (tiny root hairs absorb most of it)
What are transport tissues?
They appear as veins on the leaves, and are also in the roots and the stem. Vascular Tissue transports water, minerals and glucose throughout the plant. There are 2 types of Vascular tissue, Xylem and Phloem
What is the Xylem?
Xylem is a transport tissue in the plant which distributes water & dissolved minerals from roots to leaves. Nutrients only go upwards
What is the Phloem?
Phloem is a transport tissue in the plant which distributes sugars from photosynthetic cells in the leaves to living cells throughout the plant. This glucose goes both directions.
What energy is used in Photosynthesis?
Light Energy
(Abhinav somehow took 4 tries to figure this out)
What organelle is responsible for cellular respiration?
The Mitochondria
(is the powerhouse of the cell)
What energy is produced by cellular respiration?
ATP
What does ATP and ADP stand for?
Adenosine Triphosphate and Adenosine Diphosphate
(this isn’t that important if you don’t want to memorize it)
What is the purpose of ATP?
To store energy
How does the ATP cycle work?
When energy is needed, a phosphate is broken off of an ATP molecule, turning it into ADP. When food is eaten, it is converted to a phosphate molecule and connected back onto the ADP to turn it back into ATP
There’s a great image on the slides that you can look at, but i can’t put it on here because Brainscape is blegh also the thingy is on slide 5
What is the formula for Cellular Respiration?
Glucose + 6 Oxygen ——> 6 Carbon Dioxide + 6 Water
C6H12O6 + 6O2——> 6CO2 + 6H2O
Generates ATP
This is also the reverse of the Photosynthesis formula, which makes it easier to memorize
What is the Cellular Carbon Cycle?
The Cellular Carbon Cycle is a cycle of photosynthesis and cellular respiration in plants. They generate Glucose and Oxygen, and then consume it to create Energy, Carbon Dioxide and Water. They use this Carbon Dioxide and Water to Photosynthesize again, and then repeat the process
There’s a great image on the slides that you can check out, but I can’t put it on here because Brainscape is blegh also its on Slide 18
What does a cell need energy for?
- Growth & repair
- Transport
- Reproduction
- Synthesis of molecules
(these are just some examples from the slides)
What is Glycolysis?
Glycolysis is the process of the splitting a glucose molecule. This occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells (every organism). 2 ATP is made during Glycolysis, which is a little. Glucose is broken down further, however this happens in different ways, depending on if oxygen is present or not.
What is Anaerobic Respiration?
Anaerobic Respiration occurs after Glycolysis, if no oxygen is present. Also known as fermentation, it occurs in the Cytoplasm and makes a small amount of ATP. It creates Carbon Dioxide and lactic acid or alcohol and it only partially breaks down the glucose. It can be in the form of either Alcoholic Fermentation or Lactic Acid Fermentation
What is Aerobic Respiration?
Aerobic Respiration occurs after Glycolysis, if oxygen is present. It occurs in the mitochondria and makes a lot of ATP. It completely breaks down Glucose and also creates carbon dioxide and water. This is also literally just basic cellular respiration that we’ve been learning about.
What is Alcoholic Fermentation?
Alcoholic Fermentation is a form of Anaerobic Respiration, which occurs in yeast and bacteria. CO2 and alcohol is made as a result. Shockingly, Beer and Wine are made using this.
What is Lactic Acid Fermentation?
Lactic Acid Fermentation occurs in some Bacteria and animals and makes Lactic Acid (Surprisingly). In animals, it occurs as a result of tiring exercise, or when a burst of energy is needed. This results in a burning sensation or fatigue, such as when you work out.
Idk where else to put this put if you want a better explanation for Glycolysis and Anaerobic and Aerobic Respiration and stuff
You should check out the thingy on the slides. Its an image on slide 7 and its way better than whatever garbage I wrote down
What is the indent in the enzyme, where the enzyme and substrate bond, called?
The Active Site. Each Enzyme has an active site that is molded to its specific substrate
What happens when an enzyme denatures, and how does it happen?
When an enzyme denatures, it is completely unusable, and cannot be repaired. It happens when an enzyme is in an environment that is too far from its ideal pH and temperature
What does the optimal pH and temperature for enzymes mean?
The specific pH and temperature that the enzyme works most efficiently in. It varies between different enzymes
What is a catalyst ?
A catalyst is something that speeds a process up.In biology, catalysts are called Enzymes and exist to catalyze various reactions, meaning they speed them up.
What do enzymes do to substrates?
Depending on the enzyme, substrates can be either broken apart, or bonded together
What is substrate concentration?
Substrate concentration is the amount of substrate in a specific area. The more substrate there is, the higher the reaction rate. However if there is too much substrate, the reaction rate of the enzymes can no longer increase, as there are too many substrates and not enough enzymes
Can enzymes be reused?
Enzymes are never used up in a reaction
HOWEVER, if they become denatured, they are unusable.
What is reaction rate?
The reaction rate is the speed at which the enzymes process substrates. Certain conditions, such as being in the optimal pH and temperature, will allow the reaction rate of the enzymes to increase.
What are substrates?
Substrates are molecules such as sugars, proteins and starches that are processed by the enzymes
