Grade 9 - Bonding Flashcards
What is the goal of elements bonding?
To have a full outer shell
How many electrons are in a full outer shell?
8 Electrons
Hydrogen and Helium are the only elements with 2 electrons in their outer shell
How do elements gain a full outer shell with covalent bonding?
They share electrons
What are some properties of Covalent Bonds?
- Liquid or Gas
- Insoluble
- Insulative (doesn’t conduct electricity)
- Low Melting and Boiling Point
- Brittle (Not Malleable)
Why do atoms want a full outer shell?
They become much more stable
What are some examples of a Covalent Bond?
- Water - H2O
- Carbon Dioxide - CO2
- Nitrogen - N2
What types of elements are involved in Covalent Bonds?
2 Non-Metals
How do elements bond through Ionic Bonding?
They give away and recieve electrons
Non-metals recieve electrons, and metals give away electrons
If Fluorine has 9 electrons, how many does it need for a full outer shell?
1 Electron
Remember the 2.8.8 Rule
What is a cation?
A postive ion
Metal Atoms are always the cation in an ionic bond
What is an anion?
A negative ion
Non-Metal Atoms are always the anion in an ionic bond
also its pronounced like onion definitely mhm i would never lie
What are some properties of an ionic bond?
- Solid
- Soluble
- Conductive, only when melted or dissolved
1 - High melting and boiling point
- Brittle (Not Malleable)
1E.g salt is only conductive when it is dissolved in water
Why are Ionic Compounds only conductive when dissolved or melted?
When they’re solid, the electrons are locked in place by the bonds of the lattice, however these bonds are broken when the compound is dissolved or melted, meaning the electrons can move about freely, and is thus conductive
What are polyatomic ions?
Polyatomic ions are ions with more than one atom (what a suprise). They cannot be separated, and whenever there is a change, it applies to all atoms together as a whole
Some examples include Hydroxide (OH-) and Nitrate (NO3 -)
Please look up the actual formulas for the examples, I can’t do the proper small numbers on the formulas
What is a lattice?
A lattice is a giant structure formed of repeating cations and anions, which is repeated millions of times. Most Ionic Compounds form these lattices and it results in crystals. (Other ionic compounds that aren’t crystals dont have these lattices, but this isnt that important)
This is the same thing as the Giant Covalent Bonds thingy
What are some examples of an Ionic Bond?
- Sodium Chloride - NaCl - Table Salt
- Sodium Bicarbonate - NaHCO3 - Baking Soda
- Sodium Fluoride - NaF - Its the important thing in toothpaste
Salt is the only important one, I just needed more examples lol
What types of elements are involved in Ionic Bonding?
1 Metal and 1 Non-Metal
The metal atom becomes a cation and the non-metal atom becomes an anion
What is an allotrope?
An allotrope is the different forms of an element, depending on how they atoms are bonded together
E.g. Carbon has various allotropes such as diamond and graphite
What characterizes a Giant Covalent Bond?
A giant covalent bond consists of a very large repeating lattice. Depending on the element and allotrope, the pattern of the lattice can differ, and so can the properties
Diamond has a different structure than Graphite, look up the patterns
What are some properties of Diamond?
- Each Carbon atom is bonded to 4 others
- Hardest known natural substance (that’s what she said)
- Highest melting point of any element, 3500°C
- Does not conduct electricity
- They are used for their hardness in tools such as drills and saws, because this will keep them sharper and harder for longer. Also used for Jewelery because oooo shiny rock
Diamonds suck for Jewelry because Capitalism lol, if you want shiny rock get sapphire instead, they’re basically identical
What are some properties of Graphite?
- Conducts electricity
1 - Each Carbon is bonded to 3 others, leaving 1 free
- Is separated into layers, which makes it slippery
- Because of slipperiness, its used for lube lol and also pencils because yes
1 Graphite is like the only Giant Covalent thingy that does this
Why is Graphite conductive, but other Giant Covalent Bonds aren’t?
Graphite has a structure that is split into many different layers. These layers are very weakly bonded together, so electrons can move freely between them, and so its conductive
What are some examples of Giant Covalent Bonds?
- Diamond
- Graphite
- Fullerene
- Sand
What is the structure of metal bonds?
They consist of many cations all connected in a lattice, which are surrounded by a sea of electrons
What are some properties of metallic bonds?
- Solid
- Insoluble
- Conducts Electricity
- High melting and boiling point
- Malleable (Bendy, Not brittle)
What are some examples of Metallic Bonds?
- Gold
- Silver
- Iron
- Copper
All metals that are just by themselves are metallic bonds
