Grade 10 Exam Flashcards
What is Synthesis in chemistry?
Synthesis is a reaction where two or more elements/compounds combine to form a single compound.
Example: A + B → AB
What is Decomposition in chemistry?
Decomposition is a reaction in which a compound is broken down into elements or smaller compounds.
Example: AB → A + B
What is Single Displacement?
Single Displacement involves an element and a compound as reactants, where one element displaces another from a compound.
Example: A + BC → B + AC or D + AB → B + AD
What is Double Displacement?
Double Displacement is a reaction where elements in different compounds displace each other to form two new compounds.
Example: AB + CD → AD + CB
What is Complete Combustion?
Complete Combustion occurs when a hydrocarbon reacts with sufficient oxygen.
Example: CxHy + O2 → H2O + CO2 + energy
What is Incomplete Combustion?
Incomplete Combustion occurs when a hydrocarbon reacts with insufficient oxygen.
Example: CxHy + O2 → H2O + CO2 + C + CO + energy
What is an acid?
A compound that produces hydrogen ions H+ (aq) when dissolved in water.
What are the two types of acids?
Binary acids and ternary acids.
Are all acids aqueous?
Yes, all acids are aqueous (dissolved in water).
How to name ionic compounds?
Write down the name of the metal first.
Write down the name of the non-metal second and change the ending to -ide.
How do you name multivalent ionic compounds?
The rules are the same, but the charge of the multivalent metal must be indicated in a roman numeral.
How to name polyatomic ions?
Name the metal first.
Name the polyatomic ion (non-metal) second.
How to name binary acids?
Write the root of the non-metal name.
Add the prefix hydro- to the root name.
Add the ending -ic acid to the root name.
What is the Law of Conservation of Mass?
In any given chemical reaction, the total mass of the reactants is equal to the total mass of the products.
What does the Law of Conservation of Mass state about atoms?
The number of atoms of each element in the reactants is equal to the number of atoms of each element in the products.
What are clues to a chemical change?
- A new colour appears
- Bubbles of gas are formed; a new odour may be noticed
- Heat, light, or sound is given off
- A solid material (called a precipitate) forms in a liquid.
- The change is difficult or impossible to reverse
What are the characteristics of a plane mirror image?
- Size (smaller, larger, same size)
- Attitude (upright, inverted)
- Location (closer to the mirror, farther, same distance)
- Type (real, virtual)
What is a Plane Mirror?
A flat mirror.
What is a Concave Mirror?
A mirror whose reflective surface is on the ‘caved in’ part.
Also known as a converging mirror.
What is a Convex Mirror?
A mirror whose reflective surface bulges out in the center.
Also known as a diverging mirror.
What are the Laws of Reflection?
- The incident ray, reflected ray and normal always lie on the same plane.
- The angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence.
What is Reflection?
The process in which light ‘bounces off’ the surface of an object and travels in another direction.
What is Refraction?
The bending or change in direction of light when it travels from one medium into another.
What is Dispersion?
The refraction of light into separate wavelengths or colors.
What is Incandescence?
Light given off by an object because it is very hot.
What is Fluorescence?
Light emitted during exposure of the source to UV light.
What is Phosphorescence?
Light emitted during exposure of the source to UV light and continues to be emitted for several minutes or even hours after the UV light has been removed.
What is Chemiluminescence?
Light produced by a chemical reaction without producing heat.
What is Bioluminescence?
Light produced by a biochemical reaction in a living organism (type of chemiluminescence).
What is myopia?
Near-sightedness; eyes cannot focus on distant objects; blurry objects in the distance; eye is too long.
What is hyperopia?
Far-sightedness; eyes cannot focus on nearby objects; blurry objects up close; eye is too short.
What is presbyopia?
Eyes become stiff and the ciliary muscles can no longer make the lenses change shape; cannot focus on nearby objects.
What is astigmatism?
Blurred or distorted vision; caused by incorrectly-shaped cornea (oval instead of round cornea).
What is the cornea?
Tissue that forms a transparent, curved structure in the front of the eye; refracts light before it enters the eye.
What is aqueous humour?
A thick watery substance filling the space between the lens and the cornea.
What is the pupil?
The dark circle that you see when you look at someone’s eye; it is black because light rays enter but do not leave.
What is the iris?
The coloured portion of the eye; circular band of muscle; controls the size of the pupil and the amount of light that enters the eye.
What do ciliary muscles do?
Makes the lens shorter and thicker.
What is the lens?
Convex lens that can change shape to adjust the focal length; retracts light, allowing it to focus on the retina.
What is vitreous humour?
Clear gel that fills the space between the lens and retina.
What is the retina?
Inner lining at the back of the eye that acts as a projection screen for the light rays entering your eye.
What is the function of the optic nerve?
Carries information from the eye to the brain.
What is the choroid?
The pigmented vascular layer of the eye between the retina and sclera. Supplies eye with O2 and nutrients; absorbs & prevents scattering of light.
What is the sclera?
The white of the eye; tough, fibrous, protective tissue that extends from the cornea to the optic nerve at the back of the eye.
What is the blind spot?
An area on the retina where the optic nerve passes through it; since there are no cells to detect light, part of the field of vision is not perceived.
What is the fovea?
Depressed area; higher visual acuity.
What is the Mirror Equation?
1/f = 1/di + 1/do
f = focal length.
What is the Magnification Equation?
m = hi/ho = -di/do —-> hi = -di/do x ho
m = magnification.
What does the Index of Refraction indicate?
Indicates the amount by which a transparent medium decreases the speed of light. (n = c/v)
n = index of refraction, c = speed of light in a vacuum, v = speed of light in a medium.
What is the speed of light in a vacuum?
300 million m/s or 3.0 x 10^8 m/s.
How does the speed of light in a vacuum compare to other mediums?
The speed of light is less in any other medium.
What is the first principle of the Cell Theory?
All living things are composed of cells.
What is the second principle of the Cell Theory?
Cells are the basic units of structure and function in all organisms.
What is the third principle of the Cell Theory?
All cells come from pre-existing cells.
What do plant cells have that animal cells do not?
Plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts.
How do the vacuoles of plant cells compare to those of animal cells?
Plant cells have larger vacuoles than animal cells.
What is the typical shape of plant cells compared to animal cells?
Plant cells are usually larger and rectangular in shape, whereas animal cells are typically spherical in shape.
What structures do animal cells have that plant cells do not?
Animal cells have cilia or flagella and centrioles.
What is the alimentary canal?
An open ended muscular tube that forms a digestive tract between the mouth and the anus of an organism.
What are accessory organs in the digestive system?
Organs which produce secretions that assist in the digestion of food; food does NOT pass through these organs.
What is ingestion?
The process of taking food into the body by the mouth.
What is digestion?
The process of breaking food down into smaller components.
Two types of digestion: a) Mechanical digestion b) Chemical digestion
What is absorption?
Involves broken down food particles leaving the digestive tract and moving to the blood transport system (circulatory system).
80% of absorption occurs in the small intestine; 20% occurs in the stomach and large intestine.
What is egestion?
Removal of solid waste (materials not absorbed by the body).
What is the order in which food passes through the digestive system?
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus.
What is the order in which air passes through the respiratory system?
Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli.
What does the nasal cavity do?
Filters, warms and moistens incoming air.
What is the pharynx?
Location where inhaled air from the nasal cavity meets inhaled air from the mouth; common path for air and food.
What is the function of the epiglottis?
Flap of tissue that prevents food from entering the trachea.
What is the larynx?
Upper part of the trachea which contains vocal cords.
What is the function of the trachea?
Carries air to the bronchi.
What are bronchi?
Carries air to the lung.
What are alveoli?
Grape-like bunches of air sacs that receive air from the bronchioles; site of gas exchange with the capillaries.
What are bronchioles?
Smaller branches of bronchi inside the lungs; carries air to the alveoli.
What are the lungs?
2 soft, spongy organs; located in the thoracic cavity.
What is the diaphragm?
Large, thin band of muscle; separates chest (thoracic) cavity from the abdominal cavity.
What are the three components of the circulatory system?
1) Blood 2) Heart 3) Vessels
What is the average volume of blood in an adult?
4-6 liters
What are the formed elements of blood?
Erythrocytes (red blood cells) - 45%, Plasma - 55%, Leukocytes (white blood cells) - 1%, Thrombocytes (platelets)
What is the function of the heart?
A muscular organ responsible for pumping blood throughout the body by repeated cyclic contractions.
What are the two upper chambers of the heart called?
Atria
What do the ventricles do?
They pump blood out of the heart.
What is the function of blood vessels?
A system of interconnected tubes that carry blood and materials throughout the body.
What are the three types of blood vessels?
1) Arteries 2) Veins 3) Capillaries
What do arteries do?
Carry blood away from the heart to the brain and other body parts.
What is the function of veins?
Carry blood toward the heart.
What are capillaries?
Tiny vessels connecting arteries to veins; site of gas exchange.
What is pulmonary circulation?
The circulatory pathway that carries blood between the heart and the lungs.
What is systemic circulation?
The circulatory pathway that carries blood from the heart to all parts of the body except the lungs.
What are the two main stages of the cell cycle?
The two main stages of the cell cycle are Interphase and Mitosis.
What percentage of the cell cycle does Interphase occupy?
Interphase occupies 90% of the cell cycle.
What is another name for Interphase?
Interphase is also known as the ‘Resting Phase’.
What are the three phases of Interphase?
The three phases of Interphase are G1 Phase, S Phase, and G2 Phase.
What occurs during the G1 Phase?
During the G1 Phase, the cell undergoes growth.
What happens during the S Phase?
During the S Phase, DNA replication occurs.
What is the purpose of the G2 Phase?
The G2 Phase involves cell growth and preparation for mitosis.
When are chromosomes duplicated?
Chromosomes are duplicated only during the S Phase.
What is the state of DNA in a nondividing cell?
In a nondividing cell, DNA and proteins are spread throughout the cell as chromatin.
What happens to chromatin in a dividing cell?
In a dividing cell, chromatin coils up and condenses into visible, short, thick chromosomes.
What are the purposes of cell division?
Cell division replaces dead/damaged cells, supports growth, and enables reproduction.
What is mitosis?
Mitosis is the division of the nucleus into two genetically identical nuclei.
What do daughter cells contain after mitosis?
Daughter cells contain an equal number of chromosomes as their parent cells.
What are the four stages of mitosis?
The four stages of mitosis are Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.
What occurs during Prophase?
During Prophase, chromatin coils up to form chromosomes, the nucleolus and nuclear membrane disappear, centrioles separate and move to opposite ends, and spindle fibres begin to form.
What do spindle fibres attach to during Prophase?
Spindle fibres attach to one side of each centromere.
What happens during Metaphase?
Double stranded chromosomes line up along the MIDDLE of the cell.
What occurs during Anaphase?
Spindle fibres begin to shorten and contract, centromeres are separated, and each chromosome splits into TWO sister chromatids. The two sister chromatids move to opposite ends (poles) of the cell.
If this is successful, each daughter cell will have a complete set of genetic information.
What are the key events of Telophase?
Spindle fibres disappear, nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes, nucleolus appears within each nucleus, and single-stranded chromosomes start to uncoil into thin strands of chromatin.
What is Cytokinesis?
The division of the cytoplasm, where the cytoplasm splits into TWO new cells, one around each new daughter cell.
In ANIMAL CELLS: Cleavage Furrow forms. In PLANT CELLS: Cell Plate forms.
What characterizes cancer?
Cancer is characterized by abnormal cell division, where cancer cells divide out of control and can pile up on each other.
Tumor
abnormal lump of cells
Benign tumor
tumor that remains in one place in the body (non-cancerous)
Malignant tumor
tumor that is capable of spreading throughout the body (cancerous)
Roots
- Anchor plant into soil
- absorb and transport water and materials
Stem
- Supports the leaves and flowers. Transport water, minerals and sugars
- stores food.
Leaves
Produce food via photosynthesis. Transpiration (evaporation of H2Ofrom leaves)
Flowers
- Reproductive organ
- produces seeds
X-Ray
transmits a wavelength of electromagnetic radiation through the body to expose photographic film on the other side. Detects bones.
CT/CAT scan
Takes x-rays of very thin slices” of a body part that can be reconstructed by a computer into a 3D image. Ex: Detects a heart.
Ultrasound
- directs high-frequency sound waves at a part of the body, usually from a microphone attached to a computer
- show real time movement of body parts such as the heart
MRI scan:
uses radio signals in a magnetic field to create images of body parts. Ex. shows bleeding in the brain.
Weather
current conditions of the atmosphere in a specific place at a specific time.
climate
Weather/environmental conditions within a region averaged over a long period of time.
- Tropical Zone
- located in the center of the Earth between the Tropic of Cancer (23.5°N) and the Tropic of Capricorn (23.5°S).
- relatively worm temp. with little variation throughent the year.
- Polar Zones
- areas between the North Pole and Arctic Circle (66.5*N) and between the South Pole and Antarctic Circle (66.5°S)
- cold temp and ice cover for most or all of the year
-Temperate Zones
- located between the polar and tropical zones
- temp. may vary greatly during the year
Ways to Classify Climate:
- climate zones
- climatographs
- Köppen Climate Classification System
- biomes
- bioclimate profiles
- ecozones
Thermal energy (heat) is transferred from the sun to the Earth in 3 ways (energy transfer in the atmosphere and hydrosphere):
-Radiation
-Conduction
-Convection
Radiation
transfer of energy by means of electromagnetic waves
Conduction
transfer of energy through collision of particles
convection
transter of energy through the collision of particles in a fluid
Albedo
a measure of how much of the Sun’s radiation is reflected by a surface
Source
a process that adds greenhouse gases to the atmosphere
Sink
a process that removes greenhouse gases from the atmosphere
Ozone
greenhouse gas that absorbs infrared radiation (heat) and can be found in the atmosphere
Natural greenhouse effect:
a natural process that warms the earth
Anthropogenic greenhouse effect
a human-caused enhancement of the earth-warming process; a major contributor to climate change
Water vapour
most abundant, most responsible for the greenhouse effect
Carbon dioxide
naturally comes from animal respiration; also comes from fossil fuels
Carbon dioxide
naturally comes from animal respiration; also comes from fossil fuels
methane
produced by bacteria in the breakdown of waste in the environment (major contributor is wetlands)
Nitrous oxide
produced naturally from damp tropical soils and oceans
Halocarbons
produced only by humans; absorbs infrared radiation
how can you tell past climates from tree rings?
-as trees grow, they add 2 new layers of wood under its bark each year
-wide rings = favourable growing conditions
-narrow rings = less favourable growing conditions
How can you tell past climates from ice cores?
-dust/ash in the ice indicate events such as volcanic eruptions and forest fires
-plant pollen indicates the species of plants present at the time
-size/shape of ice crystals indicate temperature/humidity of the past
-trapped air bubbles indicate the type and amount of gases in the atmosphere
-isotopes indicate temperature changes over many years
Fossil
the remains/traces of a once living organism
Consequences of climate change
- melting sea ice
- rising sea level
- more violent storms
- more flooding
- effects on human health
- melting land ice
Benefits of climate change
- extended growing seasons
- new shipping routes
- increased CO2 fertilization
- expanded habitats for some species
- renewable energy opportunities
how Climatographs work
average precipitation — bar graph — left vertical axis
average temperature — line graph — right vertical axis
What are the steps for drawing a ray diagram for a concave mirror?
- Draw a ray from the top of the object to the mirror, parallel to the principal axis. The reflected ray will pass through F.
- Draw a ray from the top of the object through F. The reflected ray will be parallel to the principal axis.
- Draw a ray through C and the top of the object to the mirror. Any incident ray through C will reflect back on itself.
How to draw a ray diagram for a convex mirror?
- Draw a ray from the top of the object to the mirror, parallel to the principal axis. The reflected ray extends backwards through F.
- Draw a ray, aimed at F, from the top of the object to the mirror. The reflected ray will be parallel to the principal axis. Extend the reflected ray behind the mirror.
- Draw a ray, aimed at C, to the mirror. Any incident ray aimed at C will reflect back on itself.
When the speed of a light ray slows down in the second medium, light bends which way?
Toward the normal.
When the speed of a light ray speeds up in the second medium, light bends which way?
Away from the normal.
How to draw a ray diagram for a converging lens?
- Draw a ray from the top of the object parallel to the mirror, and the refracted ray will pass through the focal point on the other side of the lens.
- Draw a ray from the top of the object through the centre of the lens. The ray will keep travelling in the same direction.
- Draw a ray from the top of the object through the focal point. The refracted ray will leave the lens parallel to the principal axis.
How to draw a ray diagram for a diverging lens
- Draw ray from the top of the object parallel to the principal axis to the lens. The reflected ray will leave the lens as though it was coming from the focal point on the object side.
- Draw ray from the top of the object through the center of the lens. It will keep travelling in the same direction.
- Draw a ray from the top of the object towards the focal point on the opposite side. The ray will leave the lens parallel to the principal axis.
What change of state is liquid to gas?
evaporation
What change of state is gas to solid
deposition
What change of state is gas to liquid
condensation
What change of state is solid to gas
sublimation
What change of state is solid to liquid
melting
What change of state is liquid to solid
freezing
What is continental drift?
The theory that Earth’s continents move over time due to the movement of tectonic plates.
identify the levels of biological organization from simplest to most complex.
cell —> tissue —> organ —> organ system
name the parts of the digestive tract/alimentary canal in order from mouth to anus.
mouth to pharynx to esophagus to stomach to small intestine to large intestine to rectum to anus
name the parts of the respiratory system through which air passes
nasal/mouth to pharynx to larynx to trachea to bronchial tubes to bronchioles to alveoli
3 main components of the circulatory system?
blood, heart, vessels
Cell wall*
provides support, surrounds and protects the cell membrane; keeps rectangular shape of plant cell
cell membrane*
separates the inside of the cell from the external environment; controls the flow of materials into and out of the cell. in plant and animal cells.
Nucleus*
controls all cell activities. in plant and animal cells.
chromatin (chromosome)
genetic information of the cell which controls the cells activities. plant and animal
cytoplasm
keeps organelles in place. plant and animal
vacuole*
in plants, turgor pressure helps to hold up the plant against gravity.
used to store or transport small molecules. animal and plant
mitochondria*
extracts energy from food and incorporates it in the storage molecule called ATP to be used when needed. animal and plant
ribosomes*
help to produce proteins, which make up much of a cell’s structure and are required for activities necessary for the cell’s survival. plant and animal
endoplasmic reticulum
transport system allowing chemicals to move from one place to another.
golgi apparatus
sorts and packages protein and other molecules in sacs for transport out of the cell. plant and animal.
chloroplast**
chlorophyll traps sun’s energy and makes glucose through photosynthesis. PLANT ONLY
vesicle
package and transport materials inside cell and sometimes helps these materials cross the cell membrane to the outside of the cell. plant and animal
lysosome
contain digestive enzymes to break down and dispose of waste material in the cell
cilia and flagella
unicellular organisms: movement of organism
multicellular organisms: to move substances over cell surfaces
ANIMAL CELLS ONLY
centrioles**
move toward the poles (opposite ends) of the nucleus when it is time for cell division. ANIMAL CELLS ONLY
diffusion
movement of a substance from an area of HIGH concentration to an area of LOW concentration.
osmosis
movement of water from an area of HIGH concentration to an area of LOW concentration
primary functions of the digestive system?
takes in food and breaks it down; absorbs nutrients; removes solid waste from the body
primary functions of the respiratory system?
controls breathing; exchanges gases in lungs.
primary functions of the circulatory system?
transports blood, nutrients, gases and wastes
Name the 4 accessory organs in the digestive process.
- Liver
- Pancreas
- Salivary glands
- Gallbladder
List and describe possible public health strategies used to limit/reduce the spread of disease
- Immunization: process/procedure that increases an organisms reaction to antigens & increasing ability to overcome infections.
- Vaccine: substance containing some version of disease-causing organisms (that are weakened or dead) to treat/prevent disease by provoking the body to fight the organism
- Research, surveillance & education
- prevention & screening
what is light
a form of energy that travels in waves through empty space and materials
explain what is happening to the atoms in objects that release light
the atoms are emitting light through atomic emission.
What is the visible spectrum?
The only waves of the electromagnetic spectrum that you can see are those of visible light. VISIBLE LIGHT is composed of 7 main colours in ROYGBIV order.
- Red has the longest wavelengths of visible light.
- Violet has the shortest wavelengths of visible light.
transmission
process in which light travels through an object and continues traveling upon exiting the object.
index of refraction
n = c/v
n = index of refraction
c = speed of light in a vacuum
v = speed of light in a medium
Identify the composition of air.
The atmosphere is 80% nitrogen, 20% oxygen, and 0.03% carbon dioxide.
What are the 5 layers of our atmosphere in order from closest to earth to farthest from earth?
-Troposphere
-Stratosphere
-Mesosphere
-Thermosphere
-Exosphere
how have humans contributed to the greenhouse effect?
-Burning of fossil fuels
-Deforestation
-Forest fires
identify the greenhouse gases in our atmosphere.
-Water vapour
-Carbon dioxide
-Methane
-Nitrous oxide
-Ozone
-Halocarbons
Provide 3 pieces of evidence to indicate climate change is occurring.
-Melting sea ice
-Warmer oceans
-Rising sea level
what is carbon footprint
The amount of greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere by someone/thing.
acids:
Dissolve in water?
Release ___ when dissolved in water?
Taste?
Feel?
Conduct electricity?
React with metals?
pH?
Dissolves in water
releases hydrogen ions (H+)
tastes sour
no feel
does conduct electricity
pH of 0-6.9
bases:
Dissolve in water?
Release ___ when dissolved in water?
Taste?
Feel?
Conduct electricity?
React with metals?
pH?
dissolves in water
releases hydroxide ions (OH-)
tastes bitter
feels slippery
does conduct electricity
doesn’t react with metals
pH of 7.1-14
how to name binary acid
- Write the root of the non-metal name
- Add the prefix hydro- to the root name
- Add the ending -ic acid to the root name
how to name ternary acid
- Write the name of the anion, without the -ate or -ite ending
- If the anion name ended in -ate, replace it with -ic at the end of the name.
- If the anion name ended in -ite, replace it with -ous at the end of the name.
- Add the word acid.
