GR 8-10

Question 1

Statistical validity

Answer 1

are the tests accurate?

Question 2

Statistical Threatened

Answer 2

unreliable measures, Violations of statistical assumptions

Question 3

Statistical Strengthened

Answer 3

Well validated measures, having approximately equal sample sizes in each group

Question 4

Construct Validity

Answer 4

is our conclusion the best explanation?

Question 5

Construct Threatened

Answer 5

any alternative explanation

Question 6

Construct strengthened

Answer 6

by using well validated constructs to build theoretical predictions for the study

Question 7

External Validity

Answer 7

Can you apply it to the broader population?

Question 8

External threatened

Answer 8

unrepresentative samples, generalizing beyond the limits of the sample

Question 9

External strengthened

Answer 9

gathering a representative sample, clearly describing sample so that other researchers will know the limits of generalization

Question 10

Internal Validity

Answer 10

is the independent variable actually responsible for the changes in DV?

Question 11

Internal Threatened

Answer 11

confounding variables

Question 12

Internal strengthened

Answer 12

adding adequate controls to reduce or eliminate confounding

Question 13

Maturation

Answer 13

changes due to growth or predictable changes

Question 14

History

Answer 14

changes due to an event that occurs during the study

Question 15

Testing

Answer 15

changes due to the effects of previous testing

Question 16

Instrumentation

Answer 16

any change in the calibration of the measuring instrument

Question 17

Regression to the mean

Answer 17

tendency for participants selected because of extreme scores to be less extreme on a retest

Question 18

Selection

Answer 18

any factor that create groups that are not equal at the start of a study

Question 19

Attrition

Answer 19

loss of participants during a study (drop outs)

Question 20

Diffusion of treatment

Answer 20

changes in participants behavior due to information they obtained about other conditions

Question 21

Sequence Effects

Answer 21

effects on performance in one condition due to experience with previous conditions

Question 22

Placebo Effect

Answer 22

Treatment effect due to expectations that the treatment will work

Question 23

Experimenter effect

Answer 23

based on expectations of the researcher, (not deliberate)

Question 24

Validity

Answer 24

Accuracy of the study, increased by using controls

Question 25

Constraint

Answer 25

Increased by the number of controls we employ

Question 26

Replication

Answer 26

type of control to make sure findings are consistent

Question 27

Exact Replication

Answer 27

repeating a study using identical procedures to the original

Question 28

Systematic Replication

Answer 28

using a theoretical or procedural change

Question 29

Conceptual Replication

Answer 29

varying the operation definitions of the variables to get a new research hypothesis

Question 30

Automation

Answer 30

reduces contact between participants and the experimenter

Question 31

Objective measures

Answer 31

Requires less judgement, and reduces experimenter bias

Question 32

Multiple observers

Answer 32

Reduces bias between observers

Question 33

Deception

Answer 33

hides the purpose of the study from the participants

Question 34

Balanced placebo design

Answer 34

two factor design, whether the person drinks alc, and whether the person thinks they drank alc

Question 35

Random sampling

Answer 35

every participant has an equal chance of being sampled

Question 36

Ad hoc samples

Answer 36

Ramdom sample from accessible population, generalize cautiously

Question 37

Manipulation Check

Answer 37

A specific test of whether the independent variable manipulation actually worked the way that it was intended

Question 38

Ex Post Facto

Answer 38

Natural occurring group, natural occurring event, measurement

Question 39

Single-Group Posttest only

Answer 39

Sample, apply treatment, measure

Question 40

Single-group pretest posttest

Answer 40

pretest, treatment, posttest, compare with the pretest