GR 8-10 Flashcards
Statistical validity
are the tests accurate?
Statistical Threatened
unreliable measures, Violations of statistical assumptions
Statistical Strengthened
Well validated measures, having approximately equal sample sizes in each group
Construct Validity
is our conclusion the best explanation?
Construct Threatened
any alternative explanation
Construct strengthened
by using well validated constructs to build theoretical predictions for the study
External Validity
Can you apply it to the broader population?
External threatened
unrepresentative samples, generalizing beyond the limits of the sample
External strengthened
gathering a representative sample, clearly describing sample so that other researchers will know the limits of generalization
Internal Validity
is the independent variable actually responsible for the changes in DV?
Internal Threatened
confounding variables
Internal strengthened
adding adequate controls to reduce or eliminate confounding
Maturation
changes due to growth or predictable changes
History
changes due to an event that occurs during the study
Testing
changes due to the effects of previous testing
Instrumentation
any change in the calibration of the measuring instrument
Regression to the mean
tendency for participants selected because of extreme scores to be less extreme on a retest
Selection
any factor that create groups that are not equal at the start of a study
Attrition
loss of participants during a study (drop outs)
Diffusion of treatment
changes in participants behavior due to information they obtained about other conditions
Sequence Effects
effects on performance in one condition due to experience with previous conditions
Placebo Effect
Treatment effect due to expectations that the treatment will work
Experimenter effect
based on expectations of the researcher, (not deliberate)
Validity
Accuracy of the study, increased by using controls
Constraint
Increased by the number of controls we employ
Replication
type of control to make sure findings are consistent
Exact Replication
repeating a study using identical procedures to the original
Systematic Replication
using a theoretical or procedural change
Conceptual Replication
varying the operation definitions of the variables to get a new research hypothesis
Automation
reduces contact between participants and the experimenter
Objective measures
Requires less judgement, and reduces experimenter bias
Multiple observers
Reduces bias between observers
Deception
hides the purpose of the study from the participants
Balanced placebo design
two factor design, whether the person drinks alc, and whether the person thinks they drank alc
Random sampling
every participant has an equal chance of being sampled
Ad hoc samples
Ramdom sample from accessible population, generalize cautiously
Manipulation Check
A specific test of whether the independent variable manipulation actually worked the way that it was intended
Ex Post Facto
Natural occurring group, natural occurring event, measurement
Single-Group Posttest only
Sample, apply treatment, measure
Single-group pretest posttest
pretest, treatment, posttest, compare with the pretest
