GPT Book Flashcards
What is interaction design (IxD)
Interaction design is the design of:
- interactive digital products
- environments
- systems
- services
With a focus on how users engage with them.
What are usability metrics commonly used to measure?
Task completion time, error rate, success rate, and user satisfaction.
What is ‘people-centered design’?
People-centered design places users’ needs, behaviors, and perspectives at the core of the design process.
What is the difference between ‘efficiency’ and ‘effectiveness’ in usability?
Efficiency = how quickly a user can complete a task
Effectiveness = the accuracy and completeness with which a user achieves a goal.
What are ‘heuristics’ in interaction design?
Heuristics are general guidelines or rules of thumb used to evaluate the usability of a product or interface.
What are the main practical issues with user research in interaction design process?
- Accurately capturing users’ needs, difficult as a result of different backgrounds, skills and preferences
- Defining requirements
- Balancing design trade-offs
- Time and resource constraints
- Communication/collaboration among stakeholders
Challenge in understanding user needs?
- Accurately capturing users’ needs can be challenging due to diversity in user backgrounds, skills, and preferences.
Solution:
- Use a mix of data gathering methods tun understand users and their goals
- Check iteratively with them throughout the process
Why is it difficult to define requirements in the design process?
Translating user research to actual design requirements is complex.
Requires a set of clear definitions in
- What the product does (functional)
- It’s usability and aesthetic requirements (non-functional)
- Personas and scenarios will help getting an image how real users interact with the system
If designers balance design trade-offs, what does that refers to?
Usability, aesthetics and technical constraints
With time and resource constraints in a project, what should the focus be on?
- Core features
- Only add secondary features when resources allow for it
- Prototyping helps save resources by identifying potential issues early on
What can be done to better communication among stakeholders?
- Use shared documentation
- Collaborative platforms
-Regular meetings. - Involve stakeholders early on in the design process
What is interface metaphors?
It’s a design concept that uses familiar real-world objects or actions to help users understand how to interact with a digital system.
Examples:
- Shopping cart in e-commerce
- Folders, files and trash can on your digital desktop, objects similar to physical environment
- Desktop metaphors diminishes with cloud storage, files aren’t bound to a single device anymore
Give example of different interaction types and what they entail
Instructing
- Users issuing commands to a system
- When speed and efficiency are required
Conversing
- Virtual assistants, customer support bots
- Siri, Alexa
- Guiding users through decisions
- Human-like
Manipulating
- Interact with virtual objects, as if they were real.
- Drag and drop, touch screen
- Pinch to zoom
- Provide a sense of physical control over virtual object
Exploring
- Users navigate through a digital or physical space
- VR, AR
- Google maps
Responding
- System proactively send prompts/notifications to the users
- Netflix/TV: Are you still watching?
- Keeps users engaged/informed without requiring a constant input
What are the HCI/Interaction design paradigms? And how do they differ?
The Paradigms defines how problems are framed, which in turn is defined/determined by communities of researchers and designers
- 1980s = user-centered design focus on desktop interfaces,
- 1990s = interactive and distributed interfaces
- 2000s = Ubiquitous and Mobile Computing
- 2010s = Social, Context-Aware, sensors
- 2020s = AI, Ethical Design, and Post-Digital Interfaces(VR/AR, smart homes)
What’s self-determination theory within HCI? And what are theories in HCI/Interaction design used for and derived from?
- Theories
- Often derived from psychology or sociology
- Are used to understand and predict human interactions(structured explanations)
- Theory of self-determination has been used in game design to explore motivation, offering guidance for creating engaging experiences.
- It pertains to the motivation behind people’s choices in the absence of external influences and distractions
What are Models in HCI?
- Models = Simplified representations which help designers predict how users interact with their system
- Models help designers understand the sequence of user actions and identify potential usability issues
- Don Norman’s: “Seven stages of action”
- Maps user goals, from forming an intention to evaluating outcomes
What are Frameworks in HCI?
- Frameworks
- Frameworks provide designers with tools to scope, analyze, or evaluate experiences.
- Some focus on learning, socializing, or emotion etc..
Evaluation in Interaction Design is important, name a few types of evaluation and explain
Usability Testing
- Primary object: is the product easy to use?
- MLSEE
- “Think-aloud” method
- “Labs-in-a-box” = adapt usability testing to broader environments
Conducting Experiments
- It’s a method to establish cause-and-effect relationships between different variables
- Testing: manipulating independent variables, and measure dependent variables
- Determine if the observed differences are statistically significant etc
in-the-Wild Studies
- Evaluating user interactions with tech in real-world, natural settings
- Valuable for new or context-sensitive technologies
- Less about control, more about capturing authentic usage patterns
Evaluation Methods, name a few and explain what they are
Heuristic Evaluation
- Is a usability Inspection method
- To evaluate an interface by examining it against established heuristics, or usability principles.
- Role-playing user interactions
- Some of Nielsen’s well-known heuristics include:
- Visibility of system status: Users should always know what the system is doing. For instance, a loading indicator shows that the system is processing.
- User control and freedom: Options to undo or exit actions easily, such as a “back” button in a form or a clear “cancel” option.
- Error prevention: Example, disabling a “Submit” button until all fields are filled out.
A/B testing
- Analytics-driven
- Good for comparing different design variations to subset of users, to determine which performs best.
- Measure specific metrics, click-through rates, time spent on page etc..
Predictive models
- Mathematical formulas to estimate user interactions
- Ideal for refining repetitive actions
- Good for optimising layouts without extensive user testing
Ethics and responsibility in AI
Why is privacy, ethics and responsible AI design important?
Privacy
- Transparent = consent mechanisms
- Important in the new age of data collection an AI
Ethics
- Beware of biased algorithms
- Build inclusive systems that account for variety of cultural, social and economic backgrounds
Responsible AI design
- Diverse data sources to reduce bias
- Make AI-driven decisions transparent where possible
What are interfaces and name a few and elaborate
Interfaces are the means through which users interact with digital systems, it allows them to input commands, retrieve information, and navigate features
Interfaces
CLI
- Command line based
- Users interact with the system by typing commands.
- Example: Windows command prompt, early systems
GUI
- Graphical interface,
- Uses elements like buttons, icons, windows, and menus
- Users interact mainly with point and click actions
NUI
- Meant to enable interaction that feel intuitive by mimicking real-world actions
- Touch and gesture-based interactions
- Pinch to zoom, swiping
- Voice-controlled interfaces
- Siri, alexa
- Very accessibility friendly
- Motion-based and Immersive interactions
- VR, Nintento Wii,
- Immersive, engaging experience
- NUI design considerations
- Prioritise simplicity and responsiveness to maintain “natural” appeal
Why is it important to understand the Cognitive Aspects of interaction design?
Because HCI is very much an interdisciplinary field and it’s important to understand things such as:
- Perception, memory, problem-solving and attention
- These are CRITICAL to understand how users interact with systems
- To encourage consistency, simplicity and clarity
What is Expressive Interfaces?
- Expressive interfaces conveys a personality or a certain mood
- Evokes emotional responses
- Positive emotions enhance usability and engagement
What is Affective Computing and Emotional AI
- Systems that respond to users emotional states
- Example: Facial expressions, tone of voice, heart rate
What is Persuasive Technologies?
Technologies that influence behavioural change
- Influences behaviours and encourage positive actions
- Promotes goal setting, feedback, motivational techniques
What is Anthropomorphism in Design
- The practice of giving technology human-like qualities
- Avatars, smart assistance with names, conversational informal language, etc
What are some key issues in Data Gathering and Analysis and why is it important to present ones’ findings?
Key Issues in different types of Data Gathering
- Carefully planned to avoid bias in interviews, surveys or observations
- Comprehensive enough to capture the nuances of user interactions and behaviors.
Presentation of Findings(Why should you present it?)
- Enables stakeholders to understand and act on research insights.
- Bridges gap between researchers and designers
What exemplifies interaction design in Agile UX?
- Focus is on constant re-iteration
- Desigenrs work closely with developers
- Short incremental cycles
What are some typical usage of design patterns in interaction design, and explain design patterns!
Design patterns are a reusable solution to a common usability or navigation issue
Examples:
- 3 horizontal line for a hamburger menu
- Breadcrumb navigation
- A trail of users path top of the page
- Infinite scroll
- Form field req validation before submit
