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GPS > GPS Backgrounds > Flashcards

GPS Backgrounds Flashcards

1
Q

Why is essential GPS?

A

For monitor events, differentiates places, support location-tailored decisions, and integral in planning and decision-making.

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2
Q

What are some application of GPS?

A

Navigation VS Surveying
GPS Navigation
GPS Surveying

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3
Q

What are some applications of GPS?

A

GPS Technology Application: When, Where, and How
Measures and creates maps
geophysical and resource surveys
Nagication: Movement between locations
Location: Establishes basic position

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4
Q

GPS Applications

A

Tracking, Timing, Applications include: military, recreation, search and rescue operations, and spacecraft

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5
Q

What is NAVSTAR GPS?

A

Navigation System and Ranging
Satellite base radio positioning and time transfer system
US Department of Defense
Began in 1973
Collaborative efforts of the US military branches

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6
Q

What are other satellite navigation systems?

A

GLONASS (Russia)
Galileo (EEUU)
IRNSS (India)
QZSS (Japan)
BeiDou-3 (China

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7
Q

Why 4 satellites instead of 3?

A

Distance calculation: Utilizes microwave radio signals
* Theoretical Sufficiency of 3 satellites
* Practical requirement for 4 Satellites
* A fourth satellite compensates for receiver’s enables precise location determination

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8
Q

GPS Characteristics - Cont’d

A
  • Satellite segment
  • Distribution across orbital planes
    Over 24 satellites
    Across 6 orbital planes
  • Satellites in each plane
    4 satellites per plane
    Return Interval
    Each satellite returns every 12 hours
    Altitude
    Positioned at 20,200 km
    Orbital Inclination
    Inclined at 55 degrees
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9
Q

More GPS Characteristics

A
  • Position Determination
    GPS receiver calculates height along horizontal position
    Satellite based positioning
    3 satellites needed for position identification
    Importance of fourth satellite
    Required for timing error correction
    Enables precise positioning
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10
Q

GPS Operation Satellites

A

GPS Satellite Arrangement
- Designed for worldwide coverage
Constellation Geometry
- 4 satellites per 6 orbital planes (4x6)
- 4 to 10 satellites visible with an elevation angle of 10-15 degrees
- Minimum 4 satellites needed to provide the accurate positioning.

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11
Q

GPS Operation Satellites

A

24 Operational Satellites
Initial Operational Capability
- Completed in July 1993
- Official announcement on December 8, 1993
-Comprises 24 operational satellites

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12
Q

Satellite Identification Sytems

A

SVN (Space Vehicle Number)
- Serial numbers for GPS satellites
PRN (Pseudo Random Noise)
- Unique code transmitted by each satellite
- Used for differentiation from other satellites

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13
Q

Constellation Geometry

A
  • Visible GPS Satellites
  • Elevation angle range
  • Elevation angle: 10-15 degrees
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14
Q

GPS Segments

A

Space Segment
- 24 Satellite Constellation
Control Segment
- Global Network of Tracking Stations
- Master Control Station (MCS) in Colorado Springs, CO
User Segment
- Dual use system
- Serves military and civilian users

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15
Q

What are the GPS segments?

A

Control, Space, User

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16
Q

What are the roles of the GPS segments?

A

Control Segment:
- Master control station, ground Antenna
Space Segment:
- Satellite ephemiris position constants
- Clock correction factors
- Atmospheric data
- Almanac
User Segment
- Coded ranging signals
- Position information
- Atmospheric data
- Almanac

17
Q

Space Segment

A

Component of signals
- Two sine waves, two digital codes, and navigation
Role in distance calculation
- Carriers and codes determine user-satellite distance
Navigation message
- Provides satellite coordinates over time
The transmitted signal
- Regulated by onboard atomic clocks

18
Q

Atomic Clocks

A

Most precise timekeeping system globally
Outperforms all other clock types
More accurate than Earth’s rotation or star movements

19
Q

Atomic Clocks

A
  • GPS accuracy and signal
  • Role of atomic clock: Precise regulation of GPS signal
  • Atomic Clock stability: Between 10^-13 and 10^-14 per day
    Time loss estimation: clock may lose 1 second in - 100 million years
20
Q

Control Segment: Monitor Stations

A

Master Control Station (MCS)
- Central processing hub of control segment
- Continuously staffed and operated

Monitoring Station
- Equipped with high quality GPS receivers and a cesium oscillator.
- Operate unmanned
- Controlled from the MCS

21
Q

Control Segment: Monitor Stations

A
  • Outcome of processing
    Predicted satellite navigation data
    Satellite positions over time
    Satellite clock parameters
    Atmospheric Data
    Satellite Almanac
  • Updated navigation data
    Transmitted to ground control stations and then uploads it to GPS satellites via the S-band link
22
Q

Control Sites

A
  • Master Control Station
    Located in Colorado Springs
  • Monitor Stations
  • 6 from Air Force and 10 from National Geospatial Intelligence Agency
    Locations: Colorado Springs, Hawaii, Kwajalein, Diego Garcia,
    Ascension Island, Cape Canaveral

Ground Antennad: 4 Equipped stations
Addition NGA stations
Data transmission to MCS

23
Q

Current GPS Master Control & Monitor Stations

A

1 master control station
16 monitor stations: Air Force (6), NGA (10), 4 ground Antenna

24
Q

User Segment

A
  • U.S. DoD GPS Services
    Precise Positioning Services (PPS)
  • Limited to authorized users, primarily for U.S military forces.
  • Standard Positioning Services (SPS)
    Available to both military and Civilian Users
25
Q

User Segment

A

User receives GPS signals to determine their positions
- GPS availability
- Accessible to all users
- No cost associated

26
Q

GPS Accuracy

A

Dithering
- Intentional Digital Noise Introduction
- Reduces Accuracy of GPS signals
DoD
- Introduced inaccuracy via Selective Availability (SA)
- DoD receiver: Capable of eliminating this noise

Selective availability discontinuation
- Ended on May 1, 2000, by president Clinton

27
Q

GPS Advantages

A

No direct Charge
Unlimited Users
Accuracy with selective availability
- Horizontal component: 100 meters
- Time component: 34 nanoseconds
- Accuracy improvement methos: SA, Differential Method,
Doppler Frequency

28
Q

GPS Disadvantages

A

GPS Instrumentation: Generally Costly
Signal Obstruction Impact: Avoiding obstructions to the signals, such as, overhanging branches or structures

Underground areas, densely populated urban regions

29
Q

GPS Disadvantages

A

Need for new skills in procedural development
Integrating GPS results with traditional Networks

GPS (8 decks)

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