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Henry VIII 1509-47 > Government & Parliament > Flashcards

Government & Parliament Flashcards

1
Q

What were the time frames of conciliar government & key ministers?

A
  • 1509 - 14, conciliar
  • 1514 - 29, Thomas Wolsey
  • 1529 - 32, conciliar
  • 1532 - 40, Thomas Cromwell
  • 1540 - 47 conciliar
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2
Q

How was the Privy chamber changed in the early years?
How many parliaments were called under Henry VIII?
Why were parliaments of difference to Henry VII?

A
  • Made larger by King’s minions (young courtiers) became gentlemen of the Privy Chamber
  • 9
  • Sat for much longer periods
  • e.g. Reformation parliament (1529 - 36)
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3
Q

Prior to 1529 when were the Parliaments called & what were they?
(4)

A
  • 1510: Abolished Council Learned
  • 1512 : Extraordinary revenue for war
  • 1515: Act restricting benefit of clergy
  • 1523: Extraordinary revenue for war
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4
Q

Why was Wolsey reluctant to ever use Parliament?

A
  • Because Parliament had anti-clerical nature early in the reign & as a religious man, Wolsey was not fond of this
  • Parliament was filled with the Nobility who Wolsey felt looked down on him as the son of butcher
  • Wolsey preferred to be in the King’s ear to have maximal influence
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5
Q

How did Wolsey eventually neutralise the influence of the minions?
Why was this unsuccessful?

A
  • Wolsey secured the removal of the minions & replaced them with his own supporters (1519)
  • Removed Groom of the Stool, Sir William Compton, replaced him with Henry Norris
  • Most minions regained their positions, Privy chamber remained outside of Wolsey’s control
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6
Q

Dates of Wolsey’s chancellorship under Henry?
Dates of Cromwell’s chancellorship under Henry?

A
  • 1515 - 1529
  • 1533 - 1540
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7
Q

When did Wolsey become Bishop of York?
When did he become Cardinal?
When did he become Chief Minister?
When did he become Papal legate?

A
  • 1514
  • 1515
  • 1515
  • 1518
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8
Q

Why did conciliar government end in 1514? (4 reasons)

A
  1. Henry became frustrated at the reluctance of some councillors to support a war against France
  2. He wanted to control decision making 3. Henry surrounded himself with minions who reinforced his suspicions of the ‘old guard’
  3. Impressed by Wolsey’s efficiency, who contributed successfully to the first French campaign
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9
Q

What can government broadly be split into?

A
  • Legal
  • Financial
  • Institutions (Parliament & Privy chamber/council)
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10
Q

What 3 categories can domestic policies under chief ministers be split into?

A
  1. Legal
  2. Administrative
  3. Financial
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11
Q

What were 2 legal domestic policies under Wolsey?

A
  1. Court of Star chamber (1516): Wolsey wanted it to dispense cheap, fair justice in order to root out corruption & pressure the nobility
  2. Court of Chancery: Created legal precedents, established permanent judicial committee to deal with cases brought by the poor
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12
Q

What were 3 financial domestic policies under Wolsey?

A
  1. Act of resumption (1515): wanted to increase revenue from crown lands, but much land had been given away at the beginning of the reign, income had decreased to £25,000 per annum, act only returned some land
  2. The subsidy: Wolsey wanted the subsidy to replace the fifteenths & tenths tax. Subsidy was a more realistic tax as it was based on valuations of the persons wealth
  3. Amicable grant (1525): funded Henry’s campaign against France, caused rebellion in East Anglia & non-payment following taxes in 1522 & 1523 & subsidy of 1523 that was still being paid
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13
Q

How much was government expenditure between 1509-1520?
Why was this bad?

A
  • 1.7 million
  • Money collected by Wolsey was less than government expenditure meaning wars could not be financed & Henry’s aim of becoming a warrior king waned
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14
Q

What was 1 administrative policy under Wolsey?

A
  1. Eltham ordinances (1526): Reformed the Royal household to maintain financial efficiency e.g. removed minions & ensured his political supremacy after the failure of the Amicable grant (1525)
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15
Q

What did the problems of the King’s great matter lead to in the short term & long term?

A
  • Short term failure to achieve the ‘King’s Great Matter’
  • Long term success in achieving Royal Supremacy over the Church of England
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16
Q

Give 2 reasons as to why Henry needed an annulment from Catherine of Aragon?

A
  1. By mid-1520s She was past child bearing age & had failed to produce a male hair
  2. Henry had fallen in love with Anne Boleyn & she was unwilling to become Henry’s mistress
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17
Q

What did Henry use to justify the annulment to the Papacy?

What did Catherine use to argue against this?

A
  • Found Biblical justification from the book of Leviticus
  • This prohibited marriage between a mans brother & his widow
  • Henry believed his marriage was illegal & had the right to marry Anne
  • Arthur & her never consummated their marriage & so their marriage was never valid
18
Q

Why was it made difficult for Pope Clement VII to issue a Papal dispensation?

A
  • May 1527 Rome was sacked by Charles V (Nephew of C of A) & the Pope became the prisoner of Charles V
  • Charles V directed the Pope not to allow annulment
19
Q

What did Wolsey attempt to do in May 1527 to attempt to secure an annulment?

Why did this not work?

A
  • Wolsey used power as Papal legate (Pope’s representative)
  • Brought Henry before a fake court & accused him of sin with Catherine (affairs)
  • Henry readily accepted
  • Catherine refused the court’s verdict & with canon law (Church law) appealed to Pope Clement VII
20
Q

In what years was their ‘fruitless diplomacy’ during the King’s Great Matter?

Why was this?

A
  • 1527-29
  • Pope played for time in order to long the situation out, frustrating Henry
21
Q

Explain the Cardinal Campeggio debacle?

A
  • Clement agreed to have a Legatine court (religious court)
  • Pope sent an envoy (Cardinal Campeggio) to hear the case in Blackfriars (1529)
  • Hearing opened 15 June - 30 July when Campeggio adjourned for the Summer
  • Campeggio died that Summer resulting in Wolsey’s final failure to secure the annulment
22
Q

What happened to Wolsey after failure?

A
  • October 1529 charged with Praemunire & gave up all possessions
  • 4th November 1529 arrested & was to be tried & executed
  • Died of natural causes 29th November
23
Q

3 reasons for Wolsey demise?

A
  1. Failure to secure annulment
  2. Unpopular Domestic policies
  3. Failure to use Parliament & unpopularity with nobility
24
Q

How did Thomas Cromwell’s emergence of power occur?
What did his suggestions lead to?

A
  • Suggested Henry break with Rome & place himself as Head of the English Church
  • Became the King’s chief minister by 1532
25
Q

What was 1 legal policy under Cromwell?

A
  • Act abolishing Sanctuary 1540
  • Banned the use of religious houses to shieled criminals
26
Q

What was 1 financial policy under Cromwell?
What was the implication of this?

A
  • Court of Augmentations 1536 dealt with income from the dissolution of the monasteries
  • Crown income increased from £150,000 - £300,000
27
Q

How did Cromwell reform the Privy council?

A
  • By 1536 20 Privy councillors conducted business of government in its daily working despite 70 Privy councillors
  • The bureaucracy grew & there was more independence nearing the King’s death
28
Q

What was the Wales & the North policy issues by Cromwell?

A
  • Act of Union 1536
  • Wales became incorporated into the English legal system
29
Q

Under Cromwell what institution diminished & which one grew in importance?

A
  • Royal Household
  • Privy council then had a significant role in managing government & parliament
30
Q

In what years was the reformation parliament sitting?
What was the primary reason for this parliament?

A
  • 1529 - 36
  • Henry’s desired divorce & the Church
31
Q

How did Cromwell exploit weaknesses in the Church in order to achieve the divorce?

A
  • Catholic Church weakened by Erasmus & John Colet through humanist thinking
  • 1528 Church’s legal supremacy was challenged by Christopher St German who asserted superior English law over Canon law
  • Thomas Cranmer & Edward Foxe compiled Collectanea Satis Copiosia: redefined boundaries between royal & ecclesiastical power
  • King humiliated Lord Chancellor Thomas Cranmer by having to produce academic opinions from European Universities for divorce
32
Q

How did Henry & Cromwell pressurise the Pope?
What did the last measure in 1532 result in?

A
  • 1531: Clergy accused of Praemunire & fined
  • 1532: Act in restraint of Annates: prevented money going to Church
  • 1532: Supplication against the Ordinaries: accused Church of abusing power
  • 1532: Submission of Clergy to Henry VIII: Thomas More resigned as Lord Chancellor
33
Q

How did Anne Boleyn contribute towards the annulment?

Why did the problem of succession continue?

A
  • Started consenting to sexual relations with Henry
  • If she were to become preggers she would force Henry to take decisive action
  • Archbishop of Canterbury (William Warham) replaced by Thomas Cranmer, receiving authority from Rome & would become a leader of the Reformation
  • Boded well for Henry as Anne was pregnant by December 1532
  • Marriage occurred 25th January 1533
  • Aragon & Henry’s marriage annulled May 1533 by Cranmer
  • Because Anne Birthed a daughter (Elizabeth)
34
Q

What acts of parliament did Cromwell issue (1533-34)?
(5 acts)

A
  1. Act in restraint of Appeals: Monarch had imperial jurisdiction, no appeals could be made to Rome
  2. Act of succession: Henry’s marriage to Catherine was invalid, to deny validity of Henry & Anne was treasonable, oath’s were to be taken to support the new marriage
  3. Act of Supremacy: Achieved break with Rome, Henry head of English Church
  4. Treason Act: Treasonable to speak, write, deed to speak wrongfully of the King
  5. Act annexing first fruits & tenths to the crown: allowed Bishops to pay their annates to the Crown only
    - Increased financial burden on Clergy & reinforced Royal supremacy
35
Q

Who faced execution as a result of the Treason act?

A
  • Sir Thomas More
  • Convicted & executed July 1535
  • Denied the Royal Supremacy
36
Q

Out of Cromwell’s actions which was most effective?

What government became enabled after the Break with Rome through Parliament?

Why could this be seen as a failure?

A
  • Parliament
  • By 1534 relationship between Church & State had been destroyed
  • Parliament’s role in law making had been strengthened
  • Henry had entire control of the Church
  • Dissolution of the Monasteries 1536-42
  • Church land was confiscated
  • increased wealth & power of Crown in order to pursue Henry’s aggressive foreign policy
  • Much of the land was granted away or sold below the market price
37
Q

Outline fall of Anne Boleyn?

A
  • Relations between Anne & Cromwell deteriorated
  • Cromwell believed he needed the favour of the King as he felt threatened
  • Cromwell allied with the Conservatives & persuaded Henry Anne was a slag
  • Anne was accused of adultery & incest with her brother
  • executed 19th may 1536
  • Henry was now free to remarry
38
Q

Outline fall of Cromwell?

A
  • By 1540 Cromwell’s influence had declined due to the fact he had secured the annulment & break with Rome
  • Main reason was his failure with Henry’s marital failures
  • 1537 Jane Seymour died giving birth to Prince Edward
  • 1540 Cromwell tried to reconcile Henry with League of Schmalkalden by arranging a marriage between Henry & Anne of Cleves, marriage annulled quicky
  • Duke of Norfolk capitalised on this by arranging marriage with his niece Catholic Catherine Howard
  • Cromwell accused of Heresy & Treason & executed July 1540
39
Q

What was the league of Schmalkalden?

A
  • League of German princes & free cities within the HRE who supported Martin Luther
40
Q

With the inception of conciliar government after Cromwell who did power rest with?
(3 names)

A
  • Temporarily by 1540 power lay with conservatives in the Privy council
  • Duke of Norfolk, Stephen Gardiner, Thomas Wriothesley
41
Q

How was the Duke of Norfolk wounded politically in the last years of Henry’s government?
(4 points)

A
  • Catherine Howard has allegations of an affair with her distant cousin
  • Catherine executed 1542
  • Norfolk tried to remove himself from the affair
  • Norfolk’s problems worsened when Henry married protestant Katherine Parr so tried unsuccessfully to accuse her of heresy
42
Q

What happened in government as the King’s health began to deteriorate?

A
  • Factional rivalries began to form
  • Edward Seymour (to be Duke of Somerset) was uncle to Prince Edward
  • Norfolk had lost political credit especially after his son (Earl of Surrey) had threatened to Usurp the throne
  • Norfolk was sentenced to death but missed execution due to Henry’s death (28th January 1547)
  • Norfolk remained a prisoner in the Tower for Edward’s VI reign

Henry VIII 1509-47 (6 decks)

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