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Henry VIII 1509-47 > English society > Flashcards

English society Flashcards

1
Q

What are the issues that underpin English society under Henry VIII?
(4 things)

A
  1. Elites & commoners
  2. Regional issues
  3. Religious social impact
  4. Rebellions
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2
Q

Discontent was caused by 3 factors?

A
  1. Religious changes
  2. Economy
  3. Regional discontent
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3
Q

What two sub-categories can the Elites be placed into?

A
  • Either Nobility or Gentry
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4
Q

How much did the nobility grow by under Henry VIII?

3 examples of promotion?

A
  • Grew by 9
  1. King’s brother in-law Edward Seymour made Earl of Hertford, later became Duke of Somerset
  2. Duke of Norfolk regained his title
    - Duke of Suffolk promoted as a close friend to Henry (criticised by Erasmus)
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5
Q

What happened to nobles who crossed Henry?
(2 examples)

A
  1. Duke of Buckingham executed for treason on vague charges (1521)
  2. King’s relatives, Henry Pole & Marquis of Exeter accused of treasonable conspiracy were executed (1538)
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6
Q

What happened to the nobility during Henry’s reign?
Give a poignant example?

A
  • Increasingly brought under control of the Monarch
  • Thomas Fiennes (Baron Dacre of the South) hung like a peasant for murdering a neighbour’s servant (1541)
  • This would not have happened at the start of the Tudor period
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7
Q

What happened to the Gentry under Henry VIII?

What’s the estimated number of Gentry families in England at the end of the reign?

How did they become more prominent?

A
  • Grew in numbers, Importance & wealth
  • Rise of the gentry due to amount of JP’s/unpaid admin on behalf of the Crown
  • By 1540, 5000 gentry families
  • Benefitted from sale of Monastic land, Nepotism in government bureaucracy & meritocracy against nobility holding too much power
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8
Q

What were the Gentry increasingly keen on their Son’s doing?
Why was this? (2 things)

A
  • Becoming lawyers
    1. Could then offer expertise in local advancements
    2. Remove Clergy from Local office & replace them with laymen who would generate income brining about landownership & Gentry status
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9
Q

Who capitalised on the Gentry social change?

A
  • Both Wolsey & Cromwell paved the way for social mobility (both coming from humble beginnings)
  • People could climb the social ladder through meritocracy
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10
Q

What change happened to commoners under Henry VIII?

What impact did inflation have on commoners?

A
  • Little change
  • Outside of religious & enclosure changes lives were unchanged
  • Majority had few possessions & had insecure employment
  • Rise of inflation decreased real wages leading to discontent especially after the imposition of the Amicable grant (1525)
  • Outbreaks of social disorder was not uncommon
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11
Q

Regional issues in Wales?

Who intimately dealt with issues in Wales?

A
  • Act of Union 1536: Divides Wales into shire counties, gave shires representation in Parliament, brought under same English legal framework
  • Was little difference from England except the survival of Welsh language
  • Crown power continued in Wales, Edward was Prince of Wales
  • Members of Aristocracy namely Earl of Pembroke & Welsh Anglicised Welsh gentry who controlled the counties
  • These members elected to Parliament & became prominent in English legal system
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12
Q

Anglo-Welsh border?

A
  • Lands governed by Principality of Wales & 4 bordering English counties: Shropshire, Herefordshire, Worcestershire & Gloucestershire
  • Council of Wales offered cheap & local access to law
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13
Q

Anglo-Scottish border?

Which 2 groups was Henry most likely to appoint as wardens?

A
  • Problematic for Henry VIII
  • Both sides of the border were lawless
  • Cattle & sheep rustling & violence was common
  • Border was thus split into 3 marches each under a warden’s jurisdiction
  • Fulfilling these warden posts proved difficult:
    1. Using a noble risked exploitation of his office to increase their power
    2. However if he did not use nobles the locals would not feel any subservience to a non-magnate
  1. Gentry class
  2. Complete outsiders
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14
Q

Regional issues in the North?

A
  • Act resuming liberties to Crown (1536): reduced independence entertained by Bishop of Durham but did not diminish it, Palatine court of chancery continued
  • Northern England caused problems for Parliament as seen by Pilgrimage of Grace (1536)
  • Henry & Cromwell re-established Council of the North in York (had legal & administrative functions)
  • Council proved worthy during the summer rebellions (1549)
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15
Q

What were the Palatinates during Henry’s reign?

A
  • Lancashire, Cheshire & Durham
  • Separate jurisdictions though Lancashire & Cheshire were under Royal authority
  • Durham remained a true palatinate under a Bishop
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16
Q

What can the nature of change in the North be regarded as?

A
  • Evolutionary rather than revolutionary change
17
Q

What elements of Catholicism changed through the Royal Injunctions 1536?

What did these religious attacks ultimately result in & where?

A
  • Holy days, veneration of relics & pilgrimages were attacked
  • Pilgrimage of Grace (1536) in Lincolnshire & the North
18
Q

What were 4 long-lasting social consequences of religious upheaval?

A
  1. Dissolution of the Monasteries: Land removed from the Church & money given to the King
    - Should have made the King more wealthy however his aggressive foreign policy in his final years led to widespread auctioning of Monastic lands at knock-down prices, increasing size & wealth of the Gentry
    - By 1547 2/3 of monastic lands had been sold
  2. Monasteries were places of education so with their dissolution most monastic schooling was destroyed
  3. Nuns & Monks became unemployed, position of nuns was very precarious
  4. Monasteries played essential social roles e.g. caring for the poor, elderly, sick, unemployed so with news of their dissolution people were upset i.e. Hexham in Northumberland royal commissioners were prevented from dissolution by a group of armed men
19
Q

Why was there a need to impose the Amicable Grant?

What did people react like to its imposition?

A
  • Wolsey needed money to finance Henry’s aggressive FP during the early-mid 1520s
  • Amicable Grant imposed (1525)
  • Negatively & people refused it, taxes were never well received as seen in Yorkshire (1513) were objections to a subsidy resulted in its abandonment
20
Q

Where was the opposition to the Amicable Grant?
What was the receival of it?

A
  • Nationwide opposition
  • In particular North Essex & South Sussex
  • Earl of Essex reported 1000 people gathered to resist payment
  • Dukes of Norfolk & Suffolk faced 4000 taxation resisters (mainly unemployed cloth workers who were unable to pay)
21
Q

What did the hostility towards the Amicable Grant prove?
How did Henry response to this?

A
  • Proved Henry’s governance could not operate without the cooperation of the taxpaying classes
  • Socio-economics in England evidently were not satisfactory
  • When he next wanted to invade France he used extraordinary revenue from monastic lands instead
22
Q

What 2 sub-categories can motives for the Pilgrimage of Grace (1536) be put into?

A
  • Religious motives
  • Secular motives
23
Q

When & where did the Pilgrimage of Grace start?
Where in England was the Pilgrimage of Grace largely confined to?
Who was the primary leader?

A
  • Lincolnshire
  • October 1536
  • North of England
  • Robert Aske
24
Q

Outline religious motives for Pilgrimage of Grace?

A
  • Dissolution of Monasteries: Catholic beliefs & loyalty to their local institutions caused anger
  • By Autumn 1536 dissolution of smaller monasteries began
  • Lost charity, education, welfare
  • 1536 Royal Injunctions: Attacked traditional Catholic practices cherished in the north
  • Local celebrations (St Wilfred’s day) in Yorkshire were discouraged
  • Rumours Church plate & jewellery were to be confiscated (no doubt sold) & Cromwell sought to destroy the Church
25
Q

Outline secular motives for Pilgrimage of Grace?

A
  • Fear money held in Northern monasteries would be granted to the South causing poverty, draining wealth from the North
  • General rebels fuelled by taxation grievances, against the King & Gentry (landowners): rebellion in Cumberland said to be tenant grievances
  • Crown’s attempt at placing Duke of Suffolk in Lincolnshire sparked rebellion there
26
Q

How were the rebels supressed?

A
  • Lincolnshire rebellion collapsed when rebels met with forces of Duke of Suffolk
  • King sent an army under Duke of Norfolk to Doncaster to face 40,000 rebels
  • Duke of Norfolk offered concessions & the rebel army dispersed
  • Henry pardoned all rebels & promised parliamentary consideration
  • When rebellions occurred again in January (1537) Duke of Norfolk supressed rebels, imposed martial law & hung 74 rebels
  • Robert Aske was hung in York
27
Q

What does the Pilgrimage of Grace (1536) evidence about control?
(3 points)

A
  1. Regions were barely under Royal rule & loyalty to the crown was waning
  2. When rebels seized Hull, York & Pontefract castle it was clear domestic security was weak & priorities needed to change
  3. People were not satisfied with the social-economic of the country
28
Q

What did the Pilgrimage of Grace (1536) not prevent?

A
  • Did not slow continuation of rapid religious change

Henry VIII 1509-47 (6 decks)

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