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Henry VIII 1509-47 > Foreign relations & securing the succession > Flashcards

Foreign relations & securing the succession Flashcards

1
Q

What years can Henry VIII FP be broken down into?

A
  • 1509 - 14
  • 1514 - 26
  • 1527 - 40
  • 1540 - 47
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2
Q

What were the 3 aims of Henry VIII FP?

A
  1. Preserving Tudor dynasty (national security & succession)
  2. Warrior King
  3. Peace maker
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3
Q

When did Henry invade France across the reign?

A
  • 1512-13
  • 1522-25
  • 1544-46
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4
Q

At the beginning of the reign what did Henry’s councillors renew?
What did this promote?

What did Henry do to show his opposition against this?

A
  • Treaty of Etaples renewal in 1510
  • Peace in Europe
  • Released a translation of his hero Henry V
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5
Q

Why did Henry send Christopher Bainbridge (Archbishop of Canterbury) to Rome?
What did this create?

A
  • To persuade Julius II (Pope) to enter an alliance against the French
  • Created Holy League: HRE, Venice & Rome in an anti-French alliance
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6
Q

Early on who was Henry being used by?

When was this shown?

A
  • Exploited by Ferdinand of Aragon (father in law)
  • 1512 invasion of France, Henry sent Marquis of Dorset to south-west France
  • Spanish troops failed to aid Henry, whilst Ferdinand conquered Navarre
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7
Q

In 1513 what Battle did Henry win in France?

Why could Henry’s escapades in France early on be considered a failure?

A
  • Battle of the Spurs
  • Took towns of Therouanne & Tournai
  • Henry had to liquidate assets to pay for the military campaign
  • Renegotiated French pension from Etaples lost
  • Tournai sold back to the French for less than the English had paid to repair its defences post-siege
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8
Q

What did the Auld alliance cause in 1513 when Henry invaded France?

What was the result?

A
  • King James IV of Scotland decided to invade England
  • Resulted in the Battle of Flodden 9th September 1513
  • English army led by Earl of Surrey
  • King James IV was killed along with Scottish nobility
  • King James V was an infant
  • Left Margaret (Henry’s sister) regent
  • Peace lasted for 30 years between both countries
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9
Q

How did Wolsey resolve the issues England found themselves embroiled in after the 1512-13 military campaigns?

A
  • Recovered lost Etaples pension
  • secured marriage alliance between Mary (Henry’s younger sister) & King of France Louis XII
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10
Q

Outline deaths & accessions of European Monarchs?

A
  • HRE: Maximillian dies, Charles V succeeds (1519)
  • France: Louis XII died, Francis I succeeds (1515)
  • Spain: Ferdinand dies, Charles I succeeds (1516)
  • Scotland: James IV dies, James V succeeds (Margaret regent)
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11
Q

FP during the period 1514-26 has 3 points for the basis of policy making?

A
  1. England remained a minor power & could not compete with France/Spain
  2. Henry overestimated England’s wield of power, causing Wolsey to frame FP on this falsehood
  3. Auld alliance between France & Scotland remained strong
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12
Q

What were the 2 major consequences of Henry running out of money by 1514 to continue his FP?

A
  1. Unable to exploit the weakness of Scotland after James IV death
  2. Sought peace with France, reinforced by marriage of Mary to Louis XII
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13
Q

Why was the marriage of Mary & Louis XII of France a failure?

A
  • Louis XII died on January 1515, months after marriage
  • Mary remarried weeks after the death to Duke of Suffolk
  • Mary was then ineligible to be married again for diplomatic circumstances
  • Henry was furious at the secrecy of this & it took him time to reconcile with his favourite sister & best friend
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14
Q

Why was Henry unable to strike an alliance with Ferdinand of Aragon against the French after Francis I accession?

What did this lead to?

A
  • Ferdinand died (1516) leaving the throne to Charles V
  • Charles sought an alliance with France (Treaty of Nyon) establishing peace
  • Charles V & Emperor Maximillian (Grandfather) agreed Treaty of Cambrai (1517)
  • Left England diplomatically isolated
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15
Q

In 1514-26 why did the Auld alliance pose a threat again?

How did England combat this?

A
  • Francis I wanted to exploit England’s isolation
  • Francis I used Duke of Albany (heir presumptive to Scottish throne & French noble) to become regent over Margaret
  • Because of factionalism & the power vacuum in Scottish nobility, efforts by Albany were futile
  • Henry was incapable of exploiting divisions within Scotland but luck was on his side
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16
Q

How did Wolsey end England’s diplomatic isolation?

Who was supportive of this & why?
What position was Wolsey given as a consequence of this?

A
  • 1518 Treaty of London
  • Brought general diplomatic peace between European powers
  • Wolsey emerged as the leading Western European diplomat
  • Pope Leo X desired a United Christian front against the Ottoman Turks which the Treaty of London created
  • Eventually became Treaty of perpetual peace
  • Papal legate
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17
Q

What years had general peace in Europe?

A
  • 1518-21
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18
Q

What event caused strain on peace in Europe initially?

A
  • King Charles V of Spain appointed HRE 1519
  • Francis I was concerned at the power Charles V could exert from his new power base
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19
Q

What event reinforced Anglo-French relations?
Outline what it was?
What was achieved?

A
  • Field of the Cloth of Gold 1520
  • £15,000 spent from Royal treasury
  • Lavish event near Calais between Henry & Francis I
  • Nothing was achieved a part from showing the respective wealth of both Monarchs
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20
Q

What treaty did Wolsey strike which ended Anglo-French relations?

Why did Henry want to do this?
(3 things)

A
  • Treaty of Bruges 1521 between England & Spain
  1. Henry could improve relations with Pope
  2. May gain more French territory
  3. Marriage alliance between Charles V & Mary (Henry daughter)
21
Q

What did the treaty of Bruges 1521 prompt?

Why was this a failure?

A
  • 2nd English invasion of France (1522-23)
  • Gained little
  • Parliament reluctant to grant extraordinary revenue in both years
22
Q

What was the battle where Charles V smashed the French?
How did Henry show a lack of awareness for England’s capabilty during this?

A
  • Battle of Pavia 1525
  • Henry suggested to Charles that they launch a joint-invasion of northern France to get territory
  • Charles did not agree to this as England was financially & militarily incapable & Pavia was predicated on Italy
  • England had no part in this affair
23
Q

What were the Italian wars & when were they fought?

A
  • 1494 - 1559
  • Fought over Italy between France on one side & Spain & HRE on the other
24
Q

What were 3 consequences this ugly episode between 1521-27 diplomatically for England?

A
  1. Henry’s ego was bruised
  2. Resentment towards Charles V grew when he refused marriage to Henry’s daughter Mary
  3. Wolsey’s domestic prestige never recovered after financial burdens of the French campaigns
25
Q

What did the deterioration of Anglo-Imperial relations result in Wolsey & Henry to do?

A
  • Pro-French FP
  • League of Cognac 1526 between Pope, France & England
  • Counterbalanced power Charles V was entertaining following Pavia
26
Q

By the inception of the 1527-40 period of FP why was it bad for Henry to be against Charles V?

A
  • Mid-late 1520s was when KGM arose
  • This complicated FP matters as Charles V was nephew to Catherine of Aragon
  • Alienated Wolsey & Henry from Catholic POV in all of Europe
27
Q

What issue dominated the FP period 1527-40?

A
  • King’s Great Matter & Wolsey’s attempts at securing annulment
28
Q

What alliance were Henry & Wolsey forced to make by the inception of the penultimate FP period?

What caused this?

A
  • Treaty of Amiens (1527)
  • Against HRE/Spain
  • Charles V sacking Rome 1527 holding Pope Clement VII captive
29
Q

To pressurise Charles V after the Sack of Rome what did Wolsey do?

A
  • Enacted a trade embargo against Burgundian lands
  • This caused huge socio-economic problems for England, so Wolsey backed down
30
Q

What events battle & settlement exemplified Charles V prowess against all European powers?

What was the consequence for Henry?
(4 things)

A
  • Battle of Landriano 1529
  • Charles V beat the French
  • Peace of Cambrai 1529 resulted in peace between Charles V & Francis I
  • France had to give up their Italian ambitions
  • Henry’s attempts to secure annulment by diplomatic means were non-existent
  • Showed Charles V was committed to his family name
  • Resulted in Wolsey’s fall from power 1529
  • Henry could only achieve an annulment through breaking with Rome
31
Q

Why was there no ramifications from Charles V when the reformation parliament began mechanising the department from Rome?

A
  • Charles V was concerned with the threat from the Ottoman Turks encroaching into Christian Europe
32
Q

What two reasons took pressure off Henry 1536?

What 3 reasons caused pressure on Henry again 1538?

A
  1. Death of Catherine of Aragon & execution of Anne Boleyn, opened up potential alliance between Charles V
  2. Renewal of fighting between Charles V & Francis I
  3. Treaty of Nice between Charles V & Francis I
  4. Pope’s papal Bull absolving English Catholics of obeying Henry
  5. Pope sent envoys to France & Scotland to rouse support for Catholic crusade against England
33
Q

In reality Henry’s position was more secure in the late 1530s than he believed?

What 3 things happened which helped secure his position?

A
  1. Six Articles act 1539, reassured Catholic opinion in England
  2. Marriage to Anne of Cleves, useful insurance policy through league of Schmalkalden
  3. Friendship between Charles V & Francis breaks down
34
Q

Explain foreign policy towards Ireland 1527-40?

(9 points)

A
  1. English authorities remained in control of the Pale (area surrounding Dublin)
  2. Gerald Fitzgerald (dominant noblemen & 9th Earl of Kildare) both an English courtier & Gaelic chief
  3. Relationship between Gerald & Henry broke down after Geraldine-Butler feud
  4. Gerald’s dismissal (1534) led to major rebellion led by Thomas Fitzgerald (Gerald’s son)
  5. Rebellion was costly to the crown & Ireland generally became a financial drain for the Crown
  6. Became harder when 2 Gaelic lords invaded the Pale (1539)
  7. Crown tried to make Ireland a separate Kingdom (1541) imposing English law & counties
  8. Crown lacked resources to follow through with reforms & no Irish loyalty to the Crown
  9. After r’ship broke down (1534) things became worse due to religious differences
35
Q

In the final period of FP 1540-47 what characterised FP?

A
  • Aggressive FP once more launching attacks on Scotland & France (again)
36
Q

What battle did England smash the Scots in at the beginning of this period?

What made matters worse for the Scots?

Why did Henry not capitalise on this?
How else did he pressure Scots?

A
  • Battle of Solway Moss 1542
  • Death of James V leaving his 1 week old baby Mary as heir
  • Henry’s main objective was invading France so diplomatically pressurised Scotland
  • This policy against Scotland became Known as ‘rough-wooing’
37
Q

Outline the events of the policy of Rough-wooing?

A
  • Henry sought to marry Prince Edward to Mary, Queen of Scots
  • Scottish Regent, Earl of Arran seemed to support this but English ambassador to Edinburgh, Sir Ralph Sadler reported there was suspicion of England aims
  • Scots refused the marriage
  • 1543 Treaty of Greenwich betrothed both Prince Edward & Mary
  • Earl of Arran deserted the treaty & Scottish parliament refused to ratify it
  • Enraged, Henry ordered Earl of Hertford to raid Edinburgh, Leith & St Andrews
38
Q

What 3 things show failure on the Policy of Scotland 1540-47?

A
  1. Henry neglected opportunity to secure Scotland when they were in a weak position 1542
  2. Ignored ambassador’s Sadler’s message that Scotland were suspicious of England’s aims
  3. Henry’s order to punitively raid Scotland was rash & was not strategic & antagonised the Scots further
39
Q

In 1543 who did Henry form an alliance with again?

A
  • Charles V in an Anglo-Imperial alliance against France
40
Q

Why was the 1544-46 invasion of France a failure?

A
  • Headed his army with health problems, despite councillors advising him not to go
  • Committed himself to take Paris in the alliance but didn’t as it was likely to prove unsuccessful
  • English army confined itself to Calais besieging Montreuil & capturing Boulogne
  • Charles V made separate peace with Francis I
41
Q

How did matters worsen in 1545 for Henry?

A
  • Francis I sent troops to Scotland
  • English defeated at Battle of Ancrum Moor
  • Separate French force landed on the Isle of Wight
  • Henry’s flag ship (Mary Rose) sank in the Solent
42
Q

Why were England & France happy to strike a peace deal in 1546?

A
  • ## French failed to recapture Boulogne & invasion of Northern England never happened
43
Q

Why was Henry’s FP the way it was in the 1540s?

A
  • After dealing with issues of succession he was primarily motivated by the lure of military glory & territorial gains in France
  • The invasion of Scotland was vital to ensure the border remained secure, once an invasion of France commenced
44
Q

What did Henry do to pursue his FP aims in 1540s resulting in socio-economic issues?

A
  • Unable to fund war through extraordinary revenue, he sold Crown estate, borrowed money & debased the coinage
  • Increased rate of inflation
45
Q

What were the 4 succession acts/events during Henry’s reign?

A
  1. 1534 Succession act
  2. 1536 Succession act
  3. 1544 Succession act
  4. 1546 Henry’s will
46
Q

What did the 1534 Succession act do?

A
  • Declared Mary (daughter of Henry & Aragon) illegitimate
  • Succession would rest Anne’s children
47
Q

What did the 1536 Succession act do?

A
  • After Anne’s execution
  • Declared Elizabeth illegitimate
  • In absence of a legitimate heir, Henry’s bastard Duke of Richmond were to be heir
  • Richmond died in 1536
48
Q

What did the 1544 Succession act do?

A
  • Re-legitimised Mary & Elizabeth
  • Henry had right to choose his successor
49
Q

What did Henry’s 1546 will do?

A
  • Confirmed succession arrangements
  • If all 3 children died (Mary, Elizabeth, Edward) then Duchess of Suffolk should succeed
  • Set up a regency council to govern on Edward’s behalf

Henry VIII 1509-47 (6 decks)

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