government final Flashcards
1
Q
what is government?
A
the institution through which society makes and enforces its public policies.
2
Q
what are public policies?
A
all those things a government decides to go
3
Q
what is the purpose of government?
A
ancient greeks- to improve the lives of its citizens
dec. of independence- to protect the rights of its citizens
4
Q
where does government power come from?
A
god, force, people
5
Q
What did George Washington say about government?
A
government is not reason; it is not eloquence, it is force. like fire, it is a dangerous servant and a fearful master.
6
Q
what did James madison say about the government?
A
if men were angels, no government would be necessary.
7
Q
What did Thomas Jefferson say about government?
A
my reading of history convinces me that most bad government results from to much.
8
Q
what did ben franklin say about government?
A
the essence of freedom is the proper limitation of government.
9
Q
What did Abraham say baout government?
A
government of the people, by the people, for the people.
10
Q
What did Thomas Paine say about government?
A
The government even in its best state, is a necessary evil, in its worst state, intolerable.
11
Q
What are the 5 types of government?
A
Anarchy Dictatorship oligarchy democracy republic
12
Q
What is anarchy?
A
no government
13
Q
What is a dictatorship?
A
power rests with one person.
14
Q
What is an oligarchy?
A
rule by a small group
15
Q
What is democracy?
A
rule by the people, the majority
16
Q
What is a republic?
A
rule by the law
17
Q
What kinds of power is the government given?
A
legislative- make laws- congress
executive- enforce laws- president
judicial- interpret laws- supreme court
18
Q
how are powers granted to the government?
A
by the nation’s constitution.
19
Q
What is the constitution?
A
fundamental laws that establish principles of government.
20
Q
What is the state?
A
dominate political unit in world.
21
Q
What is the state commonly refered to?
A
country or nation
22
Q
What are the four characteristics of a state?
A
population- people
territory- land
soveignty- supreme power
central government- politically organized
23
Q
What are the four origins of a state?
A
force theory
evolutionary theory
divine right theory
social contract theory
24
Q
what is force theory?
A
the state was born out of force
25
What is the evolutionary theory?
the state came out of the family.
26
what is the divine right theory?
God gave a certain group the right to vote
27
What is the social contract theory?
free people gave the state as much power as needed to promote the safety and well being of all.
28
What are the 6 purposes of government?
```
form a more perfect union
establish justice
insure domestic tranquility
provide for the common defense
promote the general welfare
secure the blessings of liberty
```
29
What does form a more perfect union mean?
strength in union
30
What does establish justice mean?
the law must be reasonable, fair, and impartial.
31
what does insure domestic tranquility mean?
provide law and order and home.
32
what does provide for the common defense mean?
defends against foreign enemies
33
What does promote the general welfare mean?
provide services such as EPA, FDA, Public schools
34
what does secure the blessings of liberty mean?
guarantees freedom for the individual.
35
how many can participate in a democracy?
all can participate
36
What are the two types of democracy?
direct
| indirect
37
What is indirect democracy?
through representatives
38
What are the two types of dictatorships?
Autocracy
| oligarchy
39
Whats autocracy?
a single person holds the power
40
whats oligarchy?
ruled by a small group
41
What is true about all dictatorships?
they are authoritarian
42
what is totalitarian?
the state has total power over every aspect of people's lives.
43
Where does the power in government lie?
unitary
federal
confederate
44
what is a unitary government?
power lies in the hands of a single central agency
45
What is a federal government?
power is shared equally by the central and the local agencies
46
What is an example of unitary government?
great britain
47
what is an example of federal government?
usa
48
what is an example of confederate government?
confederate states of america/articles of confederation
49
What are the 5 concepts of democracy?
equality of all persons
worth of the individual
majority rule, majority rights
individual freedom
50
What are the two parts of equality of people?
equality of opputunity
| equality before the law
51
What does majority rule, minority rights mean?
the minority can become the majority at any time. the minority has rights
52
What does necessity of compromise mean?
there are two sides to everything
53
What does individual freedom mean?
we have rights, but they are not complete
54
what is a citizen?
one who holds certian rights and responsibilities within a state.
55
What are the duties of citizens?
obey laws
go to school
pay taxes
56
What are the responsibilities of citizens?
vote
community volunteerings
running for office
57
What 5 fundamental laws of american economic system?
```
private ownership
individual initiative
proit
competition
supply and demand
```
58
What is the governments main role in the US. economy?
protect and preserve free enterprize
59
What are the 2 forms of relationship between the legislative and executive branches?
presidential: leg/exec branches are independent and co equal
parlimentary: executive is chosen and controlled by the legislative branch.
60
What are the 3 basic concept of government?
order government
limited government- not all powerful
representative government- serve will of the poeple
61
What are the 3 important documents that led to the American freedom?
Magna Carta
Petition of right
english bill of rights
62
What is the magna carta?
1215 signed by King John- established the principle that the monarchy was not absolute
63
What if the petition of right?
1628 signed by Charles 1- established the idea that even the monarch must obey the law.
64
What is the english bill of rights?
1688 signed by william and mary- established the idea that the people had certain natural rights
65
What are the 3 types of colonial government?
royal- direct control of crown
proprietary- direct control of proprietor
charter- direct control of the people
66
What colonies were the most restrictive?
royal
67
What colonys were the least restrictive?
charter
68
What were the attempts that tried to unite the colonies that led to revolution?
Albany plan of union
2nd continental congress
declaration of independence
69
What is the albany plan of union?
attempt to adress colonial trade and untie during the french and indian war
70
What happened with teh second contintental congress
the second time that all the colonies united
| 1st national government during the war from independence
71
What was the articles of confederation?
first constitution of usa. drafted during revelution in 1777
72
who wrote the first draft of the articles of confederation?
ben franklin
73
who wrote the final draft of the articles of confederation?
john dickinson
74
how was the articles of confederation designed?
to have a weak central governemtn and strong state governemnt.
75
what branches of governemnt did the articles of confederation have?
legislative
76
what was the articles of confederation similar to?
13 individual colonies
77
what were the major weaknesses of the articles of confederation.
```
no power to tax
no power to regulate trade
no power to enforce laws
no eecutive or judicial branches
amends only with consent of all 13 states
```
78
what was the cornerstone of the us constitution?
magna carta
79
what was shays rebellion?
revolt against land/home foreclosures
80
Why were the articles of confederation a failure?
central government had to little power
81
whos ideas was it to create a new constitution?
James madison
82
who were the framers?
group of delegates sent to philidelpha
83
who said he smelt a rat?
Patrick henry
84
Why were john adams and thomas jefferson not in Philadelphia.
diplomats in europe
85
what was the original purpose of philedelphia convention?
to revise the articles of confederation
86
what two major plans were presents for the constitution?
virginia plan
| new jersey plan
87
what were the features of the virginia plan?
3 branches
bicameral
rep based in population or the amount of money you gave the government
executuve- president
judicial- supreme court
greatly increased powers for the central government unitary
88
what are the features of the new jersey plan?
3 branches
unicameral
representation equal one vote per state
executive- 3 presidents
judicial- supreme court with state courts
limited powers to the central government shared with the states federal
89
what was the features of the great compromise?
bicameral legislature with representation bases on population in the houses.
executive- 1 person
national judiciary- supreme court and state courts
co-equal powers to central and local governments
90
what was the 3 fifths compromise?
should slaves be counted as population
slaves should be counted a three fifths of a person
south must pay three fifths of a head tax
91
why was the commerce and slave trade compromise created?
south feared congress would tax exports to help fund the government
feared they would stop the slave trade.
92
What were the features of the slave trade compromise?
congress was forbidden from taxinf exports
| congress could not regulate the slave trade for 20 years
93
what were the sources of the constitution?
greece, rome, great britain, judeo christian
94
what is ratify?
offical approval of the states
95
what are the two opposing sides int he constitution?
federalist- favor of the new constitution
| antifederalist- opposed to the constitution
96
What was the federalist's main argument in favor of the constitution?
the central government was too weak
97
who led the federalists?
James madison and alexander hamilton
98
What were the main reasons antifederalists opposed the constitution?
it gave too much power to the federal government
| no bill of rights
99
Who led the anti-federalists?
Patrick henry
100
how many states had to ratify the constitution?
9 states/ 2 third vote
101
What was the first state to ratify?
Delaware
102
What two states did not ratify the constitution?
New York and Virginia
103
What were the federalist papers?
series of 85 articles written- reasons why we need the constitution.
104
who wrote the federalist papers?
James madison, alexander hamilton, john jay
105
What were the last two states to ratify?
North Carolina
| Rhode island
106
When did congress meet for the first time and where?
New york city in 1789
107
when was the constitution ratified?
September 13, 1788
108
What is unique about the president's election?
be elected unanimously
run unopposed
not belong to a political party
109
Who was the first vice president?
John Adams
110
What is the greatest strength of the constitution?
its flexibility. ability to adapt and change over time.
111
What is the constitution?
the supreme law of the land
112
What is the constitution made up of?
introduction
articles
formal amendments
113
What are the articles of the constitution?
```
creates legislative
creates executive
creates judicial
relations among states
amending constitution
the supremacy of national law
ratifying constitution.
```
114
What 6 principles was the constitution built around?
```
popular sovereignty
limited government
separation of powers
checks and balances
judicial review
federalism
```
115
What's popular sovereignty?
people are the source of its power
116
What's limited government?
government is not all-powerful
117
What's the separation of powers?
3 branches share power
118
What are checks and balances?
each branch is subject to the restraints of the others.
119
What's judicial review?
power of the courts to determine whether what the government is doing is according to the constitution.
120
Whats federalism?
division of power between the national and state governments
121
What are the two ways of a constitutional change?
formal amend
| informal amend
122
What is a formal amendment?
change in the written wording of the constitution. always proposed on national level ratified on the state
123
What are the first 10 amendments called?
bill of rights
124
What is the bill of rights also called?
soul of the constitution
125
When were the first 10 amendments added?
1791
126
What is the citizen's freedoms?
```
freedom of religion
speech
press
assembly
petition
```
127
What are the restrictions under the right to bear arms?
must have a license
federal background check
must have a permit for a concealed weapon
limits in the automatic assault weapon
128
What is quartering of troops mean?
no soldiers can be housed in your home
129
What are search and seizure mean?
must have a warrant- and show probable cause
130
What are the guarantees under Amendment 5 on criminal proceedings and eminent domain?
```
the right to a grand jury
protect against double jeopardy
protect against self-incrimination
due process
eminent domain
```
131
What is double jeopardy?
cant be charged twice for the same crime
132
What's due process?
the government must respect all legal rights of its citizens
133
What eminent domain?
protects personal property
134
What stands under the 6th amendment
```
right to a speedy trial
right to an impartial petite jury
accused must be informed of the crime and read their rights
right to witness
right to attorney
```
135
what is a bench trial?
when you wave the right to a jury and let a judge make the ruling
136
What's a civil case?
a dispute between two or more parties involving money
137
What's a criminal case?
a case in which a person is accused of committing a crime
138
What does the 8th amendment do?
protect against cruel and unusual punishment
| establish bail
139
What is bail?
a sum of money posted to guarantee you will appear for your court date
140
What are the 9th amendments talking about by enumerated rights?
all rights not listed in the constitution belong to the people, rights not just limited to those listed in the constitution.
141
What is the 11 amendment?
immunity of a state to certain law suits- us courts cannot hear cases that involve a citizen from another state suing
142
What's the 10th amendment?
powers reserved for the states
143
What is the 12 amendment?
changes in how president/vice president are choosen
144
What is the 13 amendment?
abolished slavery
145
whats the 14th amendment?
every person born in USA is a us citien
146
Whats the 15th amendment?
no denial of the right to vote. gave right to vote to African Americans
147
what is the 16th amendment?
federal income tax
148
What is the 17th amendment?
popular election of senators
149
What is the 18th amendment?
prohibition of alchohol
150
Whats the 19th amendment?
womens suffrage
151
Whats the 20th amendment?
date changes in congressional and presidential terms
152
What is the 21 amendment?
repeal of prohibition
153
whats the 22 amendment?
presidential term limit
154
Whats the 23 amendment?
Dc gets votes in the electoral college
155
Whats the 24 amendment?
ban on poll taxes
156
Whats the 25 amendment?
presidential sucession and disability
157
Whats the 26 amendment?
18 years gets voting rights
158
What is 27 amendment?
congressional pay change
159
whats informal amendments?
day to day change made over time
160
what is informal amendments also called?
flesh and bones of the constitution
161
What are the 5 basic ways to bring about informal amendments?
```
basic legislation
executive action
courts decisions
party practice
custom
```
162
what basic legislation?
laws passed by congress
163
What is executive action?
powers granted the president
164
What's the court's decision?
the nation's courts determine the constitutionality of cases.
165
What's party practice?
ideas brought forth by the political parties
166
Whats custom?
unwritten traditions
167
What's political ideology?
opinions or beliefs on the role of government in peoples lives
168
What are the 3 political views?
conservative- limited role
libertarians- almost no role
liberals- large role
169
What's a political party?
a group of people who seek to control the government by winning elections and holding office.
170
what is the purpose of a party?
serve as the vital link between the people and government
171
What are the 5 major duties of the political party?
```
nominating function
informer/simulator function-
bonding agent function
governing function
watchdog function
```
172
Whats the nominating function?
choose canidates
173
Whats informer function?
inform people of the issues and stimulate them to vote
174
Whats bonding agent function?
guarentee their canidate is worthy of the office
175
Whats governing function?
ensures the cooperation between the legislative and the executive branches.
176
What watchdog function?
the party out of power keeps an eye on the party in power
177
what are the 3 systems of governing?
two party system
multiparty system
one party system
178
what are the 4 reasons US has two party system?
historical basis- started that way
force of tradition- always been that way
electoral system- encouraged only two parties
American idealogical consensus- share similar beliefs
179
what are multiparty systems based on?
religion
econimic class
political ideaology
180
what is a coalition?
alliance of two or more parties to rule run the government
181
how are both majro parties similar?
always take the middle of the road stance on issues
182
Whats bipartisan?
both parties support
183
Whats consensus?
the general agreement among groups
184
what are the factors that cause people to identify with a party
```
family
major events
gender
education
age
type of work
economic states
```
185
what are the features of the democratic party?
```
favor the big federal government
government control social programs health care
welfare
pro socialism
higher taxes
antigun rights
increase the minimum wage
pro-gay-marriage
pro-choice
small military
pro-open borders
```
186
What groups align with the Democratic party?
```
African Americans
Hispanics
Catholics
jews
blue-collar workers
60 and older
less educated lower-income
urban city
women
college students
homosexuals
```
187
What are the features of the republican party?
```
favor the small federal government
favors business
pro-capitalism
lower taxes
pro-individual rights
keep minimum wage
anti-gay marriage
pro-life
large military
closed borders
```
188
Which groups align with republicans?
```
Caucasians
protestants
white-collar workers
private business workers
young adults
higher education higher income
rural
Asians
```
189
What are the components of the party?
party organization
party electoral
party government
190
what is partisanship?
allegiance to a particular party
191
whats the 4 periods of the American party?
1800-1860 civil war
1860-1932 great depression
1932-1968 Vietnam
1968-2008- Iraq war
192
what are the 4 types of minor parties?
ideological- based on a set of political beliefs
single issue-
economic protest-
splinter
193
What is a splinter?
when some famous person breaks away from the main party
194
what are single issues?
free soil
anti-slavery
anti-immigrant, anti-abortion, prohibition
195
What are some economic protests?
based in economic discontent. populist, greenback, green, tea party
196
why did george washington oppose political parties?
said they would divide the country
197
what is suffrage?
the right to vote
198
what is disenfranchised?
denied the right to vote
199
how could vote in the 1789
white males who owned property and were religious
200
what were the five stages to extend suffrage in America?
elimination of religious and property qualifications
15th amendment protected any citizen from being denied suffrage because of race or color or previous servitude
19th amendment gave women suffrage
voting rights acts/24th amendment
26th amendment gave 18 yr old suffrage
201
what are voter qualifications?
foreign-born people in most states cant vote
takes about 30 days to become a legal resident of a state.
18 years old
identification- drivers license
202
what are two dicriminatory voter qualifications that have been outlawed?
literacy tests
| poll taxs
203
what are literacy test?
to see if you could read or write
204
What are poll taxes?
money paid before you could vote.
205
why are groups denied the vote?
people in a mental institution
people in prison for a felony
people dishonarably discharged from the military services
aliens
206
What are the reasons people dont vote?
no registered
uneducated
not enough choices
APATHY
207
what can an election be defined as?
the process in which the citizens select the officials they want to run their government.
208
What is different about the american government?
its transfer of power is done peacefully
209
what is the 4 steps of the election?
primaries and caucuses
national conventions
general election
electoral college
210
how are nominations of canidates made?
self announcement- personal statement
caucus- group of like minded individ.
convention- national convention
direct primary- election within a party
211
what is an open primary?
open to all people no matter what the party
212
waht is a closed primary?
open to only party members
213
What does the Federal elections committee do?
sets up and regulates all election law
214
what is a ballot?
is the medium by which a voter registers a choice in an election.
215
what are the types of ballots?
voice
paper
australian ballot
216
what are the four features of a ballot?
provided at the public expense
lists the names of all candidates
is given out only at the polls
marked in secret
217
what are the two types of australian ballots?
office- group - all canidates listed together by office
| party- column - list all candidates under the party name
218
Whats an absentee ballot?
a process of voting without going to the polling place
219
what is a precinct?
a voting district
220
What is a polling place?
the place where the voter in the precinct cast their ballot
221
WHo invented the voting machine?
thomas edison
222
what is money in elections spent on?
```
mass mailing
campaign staff
signs/posters/bumper stickers
buttons
advertisements
```
223
Where does campaign money come from?
```
small contributors
wealthy individuals
canidates
politicals action committees
us government
```
224
how much does a non prime time ad cost for 30 seconds?
115,000
225
what are election advertising techniques?
attack ad
character ads- talks baout persons character
fear ads
flip flopping- a sudden change or reversal on policy or opinion
bandwagon
jingle ads
226
when is election day?
2st tuesday after the first monday in November on even numbered years
227
What are the two parts to a general election?
popular vote
| electoral college
228
what are the jobs of congress?
represent the poeple and do the day to day work
| translate the will of the people
229
why dod we have a bicameral government?
historical reason- british parliment
pratical reason- settled conflict
theoretical reason- check and balance
230
what is a session?
1 year time period during which congress conducts its business
231
What is recess?
to suspend business temporarily during a session
232
What is adjourn?
to suspend business till the next session
233
what is sine die?
neither house can adjourn without the consent of the other.
234
What if prorogue?
the president has the power to end a session when the 2 houses cant agree to adjourn
235
what is a special session?
when the president calls congress together to an emergency meeting
236
Why is emergency meetings rarely called anymore?
congress meets year around
237
how many members does the house of representatives have?
435 members
238
how many states have only one representative for a house?
7
239
how long is a house of representatives term?
2 years term, no limit to how many terms they can serve.
240
What do house representatives represent?
there district only, not the entire state
241
What are the three powers of the house of representatives?
to impeach the president
decide the presidential election if no clear winner
all tax bills start here
242
what is reapportionment?
the seats are redistributed every 10 years
243
How many districts are there?
435 districts
244
how many districts are there in north Carolina?
13
245
What is a single memeber district?
geographic district from which one representative is chosen from a field of candidates
246
What are at large districts?
representatives chosen from the state as a whole.
247
What are district lines?
lines drawn up by state legislature of the party in power
248
Whats gerrymandering?
the drawing up of district lines to the advantage of the party in power
249
what are the two ways gerrymandering is done?
packing
| cracking
250
what is packing?
concentrate the oppositions voters in as few districts as possible
251
What is cracking
spread the oppositions voters out in as many districts as possible
252
what is the qualifications for house members?
must be 25 years old
must have been citizen- 7 years
must be resident of the states
253
how many members are there in the senate?
100 members
254
what's constituencies?
the people they represent
255
how were senate members originally choosen?
by state legislature
256
how long is a senate member term?
6 year term. no limit to terms.
257
what's a continuous body?
all seats are never up for election at same time.
258
What are the qualifications of a senator?
30 years old
citizen of USA- 9 years
live in the state
259
What are the powers of the senate?
holds impeachment trials
ratify treaties
confirms executive office appointments
260
What are the 5 major roles of a member of congress?
```
legislators- make laws
representatives- voice of people
committee members- screen bills
servants to constituents- provide help to people
politicians- work for government
```
261
What's oversight function?
process through which congress checks to see if the executive branch is following it policies/laws
262
what are the two major types of commitees?
standing
| special
263
what are standing committees?
deal with subject matter (education, finance, environment, agriculture/)
264
what are special commiteees?
deal with investigations and pres. appointments (Watergate, supreme court)
265
what are the two types of bills?
public bill- law involving everyone
| private bill- law involving specific group
266
where do ideas for bills come from?
executive branch
congressman
people
special interest groups
267
who introduces a bill?
a congressman
268
what are the 6 steps a bill goes through?
```
bill introduced by congressman
goes to committee for action
goes to full house/senate
conference committee
back for a floor vote
president
```
269
how can a veto be overridden?
2 thirds majority vote
270
how many bills are introduced each year?
5,000 bills
271
how many bills actually become laws?
4 percent
272
whats a filibuster?
attempt by the senate to stop the passage of a bill- talk it to death
273
What is cloture rule?
only way to stop a filibuster- 60%vote to stop
274
What is a rider?
addition to the bill- has nothing to do with bill
275
what are the fringe benefits of congress?
```
housing tax allowance
travel allowance
cheap health insurance
pension plan
free office and expenses for staff
```
276
What are the three limits on congress pay?
presidents veto
voter backlash
27th amendment
277
what is the speech and debate clause?
it protects congressmen from law suits for libel or slander arising from there speech in congress.
278
what is the purpose for the speech and debate clause?
allows for free and open legislature debate. protects free speech.
279
what are the roles of the president?
```
chief of state
executive
administration
diplomat
commander in chief
legislator
party
citizen
```
280
What is the chief of state?
ceremonial head of the government and symbol of all people
281
What is the chief executive?
power to enforce the law
282
what is the chief admin?
ceo of the federal government
283
What is the chief diplomat?
architect of foreign policy
284
What is the cheif legislator?
architect of public policy
285
What is the chief party?
leader of there political party
286
What is the cheif citizen?
the representative of all the poeple of the USA
287
Since when has the president been considered the most powerful position in the world?
since ww2
288
what are the 7 powers of the president?
```
appointment power
power to convene congress
power to make treaties
executive orders
veto power
pardon power
commander in cheif
```
289
what are executive orders?
a rule or order issued by the president to an executive branch of the government and having the force of law.
290
What are the formal qulaifications of the president?
natural born citizen
35 years old
lived in us 14 years
291
what is the oval office?
place where the president does there work
292
What amend defines the presidents term?
22 amend
293
What is the salary of the president?
400,000
294
What are the fringe benifits of the president?
```
50,000 expense account
2 houses
air force one
free health care
pension
secret service protection
```
295
when will the vice president take over the for president.
if the president or the vice president and cabinet inform congress in writing that the president is unable to fullfill his roles
296
What are the next three people in line for president?
vice president
speaker of the house
president pro tempor of the senate
297
what is impeachment?
the charge of high crimes and misdemeanors covers allegations of misconduct by officials
298
what are the two formal duties of the vice president?
preside over the senate
| help decide disability of president
299
what is the role of the president today?
spokesperson for the president
| represent president at important events
300
what is the salary of the president?
230,700
301
what is the electoral college?
a group of people from each state to formally select the president
302
how many votes must a candidate get to win?
270
303
Why is the electoral college important?
protects against the tyranny of the majority
discourages voter fraud
gives a voice to both large and small animals
304
what are the four divisions of the executive branch?
president
vice president
the cabinet
independent agencies
305
how many departments are there?
15
306
What were the four originall departments?
dept of state
treasury
war
justice
307
what is each department headed by?
secretary
308
What are the jobs of the departments?
admin to department
| advise the president
309
What is the largest department?
department of defense
310
What are examoles of independent agencies?
```
NASA
Federal reserve
EPA
FDA
CIA
```
311
what are the top positions of the white house staff?
```
Chief of staff
pres secretary
executive office of the president
national security director
director of national intelligence
```
312
What are the three functions of the judicial branch?
interpret the law
settle disputes
create expectations for the future
313
What are the two separate court systems in the us?
state
| federal
314
What are the two types of federal courts?
constitutional
| special
315
What are special courts?
armed services
veterans
federal claims
taxes
316
whats jurisdiction?
the authority of a court to hear a case
317
What are the two major types of jurisdiction?
original
| appellate
318
how many federal judges are there?
600
319
what are the us marshells?
one per district
| police force of the court system
320
whats plaintiff
the person who files a charge
321
what is the supreme court also called
the court of last resort
322
judicial review
the right of a court to decide if a case is const. or unconsti.
323
who is the solicitor general?
federal governments cheif lawyer- a case must go past him first
324
What type of cases do the supreme court hear?
cases that will affect entire nation
cases involving consti. questions
crimes committed on the high seas
325
what are briefs?
written legal arguments presented to each lawyer to the justices
326
What are oral arguements
lawyer present their case before the jury with only 30 minutes
327
what are the two court opinions?
majority minority
328
what are the levels of the court?
```
state supreme
appeal
circuit courts
probate courts
juvenile courts
family courts
divorce courts
small claims courts
traffic courts
```
329
What are the only state courts that have juries?
circut courts
