Governance Flashcards
What is the rise of governance?
1950s: Scientific, rational, technocratic.
1960s: Debates on the relationship between planning and politics, values and legitimacy (women, segregation)
1980s: Planning a communicative and collective. Planners are political
Dahl
Citizens also govern the city. The actions of citizens combine determine the direction of the city. Citizens are diverse.
Stone
Like minded groups for coalitions. The direction of the city is decided by coalitions.
Government
One central power (state) tells you what to do.
Governance
Government needs to listen to more viewpoints. Planning is more fragmented and decentralized. There’re more actors and stakeholders.
Difference between hierarchical steering and network sterring
Hierarchical steering is top-down and in network steering there is communication between all actors.
Why was there a shift between government and governance?
Globalisation.
Less money in public sector, so money needed for private actors.
Ideology: What’s the proper role of the state?
Empirical meaning of governance vs. Analytical meaning of governance
Empirical meaning: The shift from government to governance.
Analytical meaning: Understand the current situation and how things work
Formal institutions vs. informal institutions
Formal: Laws, rules, procedures
Informal: Norms, culture, patterns of behaviour
Why do organisations have a say?
People have some thing at stake.
Material: Investors
Ideological: People that live there.
Planning system
How planning takes place in a certain context. You need to understand the planning system to understand how planning works.
What influences planning systems?
History Role of central government (unitary vs. federal) At what levels are plans made (top-down) Legal system (common law vs. civil law) Culture
Forms of participation
Action
Activism
Decision-making
Waves of citizen participation
1970s: Citizen is consulted and informed
1990s: Interactive decision-making and co-production
2000s: Citizens initiatives and DIY-urbanism (citizens lead and government facilitates)
Shifts in types of government
- top-down
- co-governance
- self-governance
Arnstein’s ladder
- Manipulation
- Therapy
- Informing
- Consultation
- Placation
- Partnership
- Delegated power
- Citizen control
Problems with Arnstein’s ladder
Step zero?
Highest level most legitimate?
Different forms of participation going on at the same time?
Benefits of citizens participation
- More inclusive decision making
- Local knowledge
- Joint learning
- Broadly supported decisions
- Sense of ownership
- Empowering communities
Draw-backs of citizen participation
- Scope strategically pre-defined
- Too much emphasis on the process
- Rationality yields to power
- Representativeness
- Participation fatigue
Forester
Planner is a mediator. Needs to bring people together, but also knows what’s best.
Davidoff
Planner is an advocate (of the voiceless). Planner shows a view, but planning committee makes the decision
Jacobs
Good street:
- demarcation between private and public space
- eyes on the street
- continuous users on the sidewalk
Value of land
- finite
- based on natural features and uses
- where is the land located?
- future uses
Land
Physical spaces where you can do all kinds of activities that is not covered by water or oceans
Real estate
Everything build on land
Property
Land and real estate that is turned into a commodity (something you can trade)
Housing need
Normative concept based upon society’s believe on how much and what type of housing is required
Housing demand
Economic concept based on the amount of housing consumed at a particular price
