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ap classes > gov unit 1 vocab > Flashcards

gov unit 1 vocab Flashcards

gov

1
Q

3/5 compromise

A

where a slave counted as 3/5 of a person, which would go towards a state’s appointing
of representatives, electors, and taxes

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2
Q

10th amendment

A

powers not delegated to federal government (or denied to the states) are reserved for the states or people

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3
Q

anti-federalists

A

opponents of the Constitution in the ratification era

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4
Q

articles of confederation

A

enacted in 1781; had a national legislature, Continental Congress, but gave most of the power to states over federal government

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5
Q

Baron de Montesquieu

A

wrote the Spirit of Laws, originator of checks and balances between three branches of government

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6
Q

bicameralism

A

division of legislative branch (Congress) into two chambers (House and Senate)

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7
Q

Bill of Attainder

A

law that declares a person without trial to be guilty; not allowed under Constitution

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8
Q

Bill of Rights

A

first ten amendments to Constitution, in response to anti-federalist concerns; focuses on basic liberties of the people

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9
Q

block grants

A

federal grants given “automatically” to states to support broad programs

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10
Q

categorical grants

A

federal grants that can only be used for specific purposes, “categories”, in State/local spending; strings attatched

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11
Q

checks and balances

A

Constitutional system that limits the government’s power by dividing government and allowing each branch to restrain the others

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12
Q

Civil War amendments

A

13, 14, 15. Abolished slavery, guaranteed citizenship to former slaves, made it unable to deny a voter based on “race, color, or previous condition of servitude”

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13
Q

Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise

A

Constitutional Convention compromise; denied Congress power to tax the export of goods from any State, and also the power to act on the slave trade for 20 years

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14
Q

Commerce Clause

A

Article 1, Section 8. Gives Congress the power to regulate all business activities that cross state lines or affect more than one state or other nations

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15
Q

concurrent powers

A

powers that both the National government and State governments have and use (taxes etc)

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16
Q

Confederation

A

original 13 states

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17
Q

cooperative federalism

A

powers and policy assignments are shared between states and federal; may also share costs, administration, and blame for failures

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18
Q

dual federalism

A

a style of government in which both the states and national government remain supreme/separate in their own spheres with separate responsibilities

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19
Q

Elastic Clause

A

Article 1, Section 8. Congress has the right to make laws “necessary and proper” to carry out the powers expressed in the rest of Article 1. National Bank

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20
Q

electoral college

A

a group selected by the states (delegates) to elect the president and VP. Number of electors is equal to a state’s number of senators and representatives in Congress

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21
Q

elite and class theory

A

big businesses run politics, not politicians; policies benefit corporate interest and the wealthy

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22
Q

Eminent Domain

A

the power of the government to take private property away for public use (highways etc)

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23
Q

enumerated powers

A

powers of the federal government that are specifically written in the Constitution

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24
Q

Ex Post Facto Law

A

a law which makes a criminal an act that was legal when it was committed, or that increases penalty for a crime after the crime has happened, or changes rules to make conviction easier. Such laws are forbidden in Congress and state legislatures (Article 1)

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25
Q

extradition

A

a legal process whereby an alleged “criminal” offender is surrendered by the officials of one state to the officials of the state where the crime has been “committed”

26
Q

faction

A

interest groups arising from the unequal distribution of property or wealth. Fed 10

27
Q

federalism

A

a way of organizing a nation so that two or more levels of government have formal authority over the same land and people; system of shared power

28
Q

Federalist Papers

A

a collection of 85 articles written by “Publius” defending the Constitution

29
Q

federalists

A

supporters of the Constitution at the time of pending ratification

30
Q

fiscal federalism

A

the pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal system; the way the federal government maintains relations with state and local governments

31
Q

formula grants

A

federal categorical grants distributed according to a formula specified in legislation or regulation

32
Q

Full and Faith Credit Clause

A

Article 4, Section 1. Requires each state to respect the laws and judgments from other state courts and accept their public records and acts as valid.

33
Q

Great Compromise

A

Compromise made by Constitutional Convention in which states would have equal representation in the Senate and proportional representation in the House

34
Q

hyperpluralism

A

too many interest groups with unequal power and access and notoriety; too fragmented, no one wins

35
Q

implied powers

A

powers of the federal government that go beyond enumeration. Necessary and proper clause.

36
Q

interstate commerce

A

commerce between two or more states which can be federally regulated

37
Q

interstate compact

A

formal agreement entered with Congressional consent among states or a state and a foreign state

38
Q

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A

human beings are naturally good, free, and can rely on their instincts; government should exist to protect the common good and be democratic

39
Q

John Locke

A

government serves the people; people have natural rights to life, liberty, and property

40
Q

judicial review

A

the power of the Supreme Court to declare laws and actions of local, state or national governments unconstitutional

41
Q

limited government

A

the idea that certain restrictions should be placed on government to protect the natural rights of citizens

42
Q

Madison Model

A

James Madison; where the government is separated into three branches: executive, legislative, judicial

43
Q

mandate

A

a command from a superior court down, authoritative command; a command to act a particular way on a public issue

44
Q

natural rights

A

inherent rights; life, liberty, property

45
Q

nullification

A

state’s rights; a state can refuse to recognize or enforce a federal law passed by Congress.

46
Q

pluralism

A

theory of government where politics is mainly a competition among groups, each pressing for it’s own preferences with bargaining and compromise; best policy emerges, both sides win

47
Q

political systems model

A

input is from citizens, policies made by lawmakers in response is output

48
Q

popular sovereignty

A

political power rests with the people who can create, alter, and abolish government; people express themselves through free participation

49
Q

privileges and immunities clause

A

Article 4, Section 2. Accords citizens of each state most of the privileges of citizens of other states

50
Q

project grants

A

federal categorical grants given for specific purposes and awarded on merit of applications

51
Q

reserved powers

A

powers that the Constitution does not give to the federal government which are there by kept by the states

52
Q

separation of powers

A

Constitution requires each of the three branches to be relatively independent so that one cannot control the others; power is split but shared

53
Q

social contract theory

A

people set up rulers/governments for certain purposes, and therefore have the right to resist or remove rulers who act upon those purposes

54
Q

state

A

a politically organized body of people under a single government

55
Q

super majorities

A

requirement for proposal above simple majority (2/5 and 3/5 majority)

56
Q

supremacy clause

A

Article 6. National laws and treaties are supreme over state laws when within Constitutional limits

57
Q

Thomas Hobbes

A

anti-Rousseau. Absolute sovereignty, more power to the ruling authority over people

58
Q

unimeralism

A

political system consisting of one legislative chamber

59
Q

unitary governments

A

way of organizing a nation so that all power resides in the central government

60
Q

writ of habeas corpus

A

a court order requiring jailers to explain to a judge why they are holding a prisoner in custody

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