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Individual differences approach > Gould - 1982 > Flashcards

Gould - 1982 Flashcards

1
Q

Who’s work did did Gould examine?

A

Robert Yerkes

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2
Q

What did Robert Yerkes do?

A

conduct the largest intelligence test in history

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3
Q

Which movement did Yerkes contribute to?

A

The Eugenics Movement

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4
Q

What is the Eugenics Movement?

A

The practice of selecting the most desirable heritable characteristics to improve future generations

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5
Q

What did the Eugenics movement in America lead to?

A
  • legal restrictions on immigration to America
  • prevented approx. 6 million Europeans from escaping persecution between 1924-1939
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6
Q

What type of test did Yerkes use?

A

Psychometric tests

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7
Q

What is a psychometric test?

A

an assessment which measures and individual’s cognitive ability

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8
Q

What are the advantages to psychometric testing?

A
  • standardised = valid / accurate
  • consistent = reliable
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9
Q

What are the disadvantages to psychometric testing?

A

reductionist - ignores the true complexities to intelligence

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10
Q

What is the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)?

A

an intelligence test for adults

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11
Q

Why did Gould review Yerkes’ work?

A

To identify the issues with psychometric testing

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12
Q

How do you measure IQ?

A

mental age / current age X 100

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13
Q

What does IQ stand for?

A

Intelligence Quotient

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14
Q

Who are some of the key figures within intelligence testing?

A
  • Binet-Simon
  • hereditarians
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15
Q

Who were Simon and Binet?

A

They devised an intelligence test in the early 1900s - they believed that intelligence was not a fixed characteristic and could be improved with appropriate support

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16
Q

What do Hereditarians believe?

A
  • the eugenics movement
  • intelligence is genetic
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17
Q

What was Gould’s aim?

A

to reveal basic problems in attempts to measure intelligence

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18
Q

What was Yerkes’ aim?

A

to devise a scientific way to test the natural trait of intelligence on a mass scale

19
Q

What was Gould’s research method?

A

review of critique of Yerkes’ work

20
Q

What was Yerkes’ method?

A

large-scale psychometric testing

21
Q

What are the weaknesses of Yerkes’ method?

A
  • assumes intelligence is fixed and unchanging
22
Q

What are the strengths of Yerkes’ method?

A
  • an attempt to objectively and scientifically measure intelligence
  • simple to administer
  • allows lots of data to be collected
23
Q

What was Yerkes’ sample?

A

1.75 million US army recruits situated in training camps

24
Q

What are the strengths of the sample?

A
  • large = representative = generalisable
  • range of ethnicities
25
Q

What are the weaknesses of the sample?

A
  • cannot be generalised outside of the sample frame (army recruits)
  • only from US (culture bias)
  • ethnocentric
26
Q

What was Yerkes’ sampling technique?

A

Opportunity

27
Q

What are the strengths of opportunity sampling?

A
  • easy to obtain
28
Q

What are the weaknesses of opportunity sampling?

A
  • not as representative = not as generalisable - likely to be the same type of people
29
Q

What were the three types of test?

A

1- Army Alpha
2- Army Beta
3- Individual Examination

30
Q

What was the Army Alpha test?

A
  • written test for literate recruits
  • 8 sections
  • filling in the missing number in a sequence
  • completing analogies
31
Q

What was the Army Beta test?

A
  • pictorial test for illiterate recruits (or those who failed AA)
  • 7 parts
  • maze completion
  • instructions were still given in written English
32
Q

What was the Individual Examination?

A
  • individual spoken test
  • for participants who failed the Army Beta
33
Q

How long did the paper tests take to complete?

A

less than 1 hour

34
Q

What did Gould criticise about the tests?

A

much of the test relied heavily on cultural knowledge and access to formal schooling - discriminatory

35
Q

What were some of the issues with the tests?

A
  • inconsistencies with administration between the camps
  • only focused on American culture
  • black recruits were not allowed to take the IE if failed the AB
  • only 1/5 of people who failed the AB could take the IE
36
Q

What did the inconsistencies between camp administration result in?

A
  • disproportionately affected men who were black or had recently immigrated
  • systematic bias reflecting their lower levels of literacy and lack of access to education
37
Q

What type of data was collected?

A

quantitative data

38
Q

What was the quantitative data?

A

scores on the IQ test

39
Q

What are the strengths of quantitative data?

A
  • easy to analyse and compare
  • objective
40
Q

What are the weaknesses of quantitative data?

A
  • only focusing on quantifying intelligence via fixed-choice questions may fail to capture an individuals true intelligence
  • limits usefulness
41
Q

What are the results from the study?

A
  • white Americans mental age = 13 (standard was 16) - edge of moronity
  • black Americans mental age = 10.4
  • European Immigrants separated based on country - Russia = 11.34
42
Q

What are Yerkes’ conclusions of this study?

A
  • The average man of most nations can be considered a ‘moron’
43
Q

What are Gould’s conclusions of the study?

A
  • IQ testing is culturally and historically bias
  • IQ tests do not measure innate intelligence
  • The lighter the skin the higher the IQ
  • America is a nation of morons
44
Q

What are the ethical issues of the study?

A
  • no mention of obtaining consent or having the right to withdraw
  • socially sensitive results
  • no debrief

Individual differences approach (6 decks)

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