Gossary Flashcards
Key Word
Definition
Aerobic exercise
Use of oxygen for the duration of the exercise. Usually at moderate intensity at a continuous rate e.g. long distance running.
Anaerobic exercise
Exercise which does not allow for the predominant usage of oxygen. Usually high or very high intensity for a short period of time. E.g. sprinting up a hill.
Blood vessels
Tubular structures that carry blood around our bodies.
Breathing rate
The number of breaths taken in a minute.
Capilliarisation
The development of blood capillaries in the body which increases through long term effects of exercise.
Cardiac output
The volume of blood pumped per minute by each ventricle of the heart. Cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate.
Double circulatory system
The human body has two circulatory loops in which blood circulates. One is oxygenated, and the other is deoxygenated. Systemic – the circulatory loop that controls blood flow from the heart to the rest of the working muscles and organs. Pulmonary - the circulatory loop that controls blood flow from the heart to the lungs.
Gas exchange
The movement of gases taking place at the alveoli and capillaries.
Heart rate
Number of heart beats per minute.
Minute ventilation
The volume of gas inhaled or exhaled from the lungs per minute.
Red blood cells
Oxygen carrying cells containing haemoglobin.
Redistribution of blood flow
When you exercise the blood is diverted from inactive areas to the muscles that are being used. This action is completed through vasodilation and vasoconstriction Also known as the vascular shunt mechanism.
Stroke volume
The amount of blood pumped out of the heart (left ventricle - to the body) during each contraction.
Tidal volume
The amount of air which enters the lungs during normal inhalation at rest.
Cool down
The act of allowing physiological activity to return to normal gradually after strenuous exercise by engaging in less strenuous exercise.
Fatigue
Muscle tiredness when the body has a lack of energy.
Hypertrophy
The increase in size of skeletal or cardiac muscle.
Lactic acid
A waste product produced in the muscle tissues during strenuous exercise where the anaerobic energy system is in use.
Rate of recovery
The speed at which the body returns back to normal after exercise.
Warm up
Preparatory exercises done to prepare the body and mind for physical activity.
1st Class Lever
1st Class: A lever in which the fulcrum is positioned between the load and the effort.
2nd Class Lever
2nd Class: A class 2 lever has the load and the effort on the same side of the fulcrum, with the load nearer the fulcrum.
3rd Class Lever
3rd Class: The effort is placed between the load and the fulcrum, and the effort must travel a shorter distance and be greater than the load.
Axes
A line around which the body can turn.
Frontal axis of rotation
An imaginary line which passes through the body horizontally from left to right, allowing flexion and extension.
Frontal plane
An imaginary line which divides the body from front to back vertically.
Longitudinal axis of rotation
An imaginary line which passes through the body from front to back, allowing abduction and adduction.
Mechanical advantage
A second class lever allows a large load to be moved with a small amount of effort.
Sagittal plane
An imaginary line which divides the body vertically into left and right sides.
Transverse axis of rotation
Allows only forward and backward movement (flexion and extension) in the sagittal plane around this axis.
Transverse plane
An imaginary line which divides the body horizontally from front to back.
Abduction
Movement away from the midline of the body.
Adduction
Movement towards the midline of the body.
Agonist
The muscle that works to create the movement.
Antagonist
The muscle that works in the opposite way of the agonist.
Antagonistic muscle action
A pair of muscles that work together to produce movement with one muscle contracting whilst the other muscle relaxes. E.g. the upper arm, as the arm flexes the bicep contracts and the triceps relaxes.
Articulating bones
Bones that move relative to each other at a joint.
Cartilage
A tough, elastic, fibrous connective tissue.
Circumduction
The circular movement of a joint. It is a movement pattern that combines flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction.
Extension
A straightening movement around a joint.
Fast Twitch Fibres Type IIa
Type IIa, fast twitch fibres suited to high intensity anaerobic work.
Fast Twitch Fibres Type IIb
Type IIx (old b), fast twitch fibres that generate a much greater force than other fibre types. They fatigue very quickly.
Fixator
A muscle which acts as the stabilizer and helps the agonist work effectively of one part of the body during movement of another part.
Flexion
A bending movement around a joint in a limb.
Ligament
A short band of tough and flexible tissue connecting bones together and stabilise the joint.
Rotation
The turning of a body part about its long axis as if on a pivot.
Slow Twitch Fibres
Type I, slow twitch fibres suited to low intensity aerobic work. They can be used continuously for long periods without fatigue.
Synovial joint
An area where two or more bones meet within a joint capsule and allows a wide range of movement to occur.
Tendon
A tendon is a tough yet flexible band of fibrous tissue which joins muscle to bone. Pliability?
Agility
The ability to change direction at speed; nimbleness.
Balance
The ability to maintain your centre of mass, over a base of support.
Cardiovascular endurance
The ability to continue exertion while getting energy from the aerobic system used to supply the body with energy. Also referred to as stamina.
Circuit Training
Series of alternate exercises performed at stations that focus on different muscle groups. It is a type of interval training
Continuous training
Training that involves activity without rest intervals. It can be performed at any intensity.
Coordination
The ability to use two or more body parts together at the same time.
Fartlek training
Training which varies in intensity and duration and consists of bursts of intense effort alternating with less strenuous activity.
FITT
FITT outlines the key components of an effective exercise program: Frequency – the number of times exercise takes place Intensity – how hard and intense the exercise is Time – how long you exercise for Type - the kind of exercise that takes place.
Flexibility
Range of movement available around a joint.
Interval Training
Training that incorporates periods of exercise and rest. Includes circuit, weight and plyometrics training
Muscular endurance
The ability to move your body and muscles repeatedly without fatiguing.
Overload
A greater than normal stress that is applied on the body for training adaptations to take place.
Plyometrics Training
Involves jumping, bounding, hopping exercise HIIT – exercise that alternates between high intensity and periods of recovery. It is a type of interval training.
Power
The ability to perform strength exercises at speed
Progression
Gradual increases in exercise in order for the body to adapt through overload.
Reaction Time
The time taken to initiate a response to a stimulus.
Reversibility
Any adaptation that takes place as a result of training will be lost if you stop training.
Specificity
The training must be matched to the needs of the sporting activity and individual.
Speed
The ability to move quickly across the ground or move limbs rapidly through movements.
Stamina
The ability to continue exertion while getting energy from the aerobic system used to supply the body with energy. Also referred to as cardiovascular endurance.
Strength
The maximum force a muscle/group of muscles can apply against a resistance. There are different types of strength, these are static, dynamic, explosive and endurance.
Weight Training
Weight training – a method of training that uses free weights or resistance machines. It is a type of interval training
Commercialisation
Links business and commerce into sport with a primary focus of profit which can lead to exploitation.
Golden triangle
The links and relationship between sponsorship, sporting events and the media.
Media
Different forms of communication that can inform, educate and entertain people including social, internet, TV and newspapers.
Sponsorship
The giving of money or goods to performers in order to get good publicity and/or increase profit.
Beta Blockers
A drug used to control heart rhythm and lower blood pressure.
Deviance
Behaviour that is either immoral or seriously breaks the rules and norms of the sport.
Discrimination
The unfair treatment of individuals whereby opportunities are not available to all of the different social groups.
Ethnicity
A state of belonging to a specific social group with common cultural or national traditions or beliefs.
Gamesmanship
Where the laws of the game are interpreted in ways, which whilst not illegal, are not in the spirit of the game. Pushing the limits to gain unfair advantage.
Role models
Someone to be looked up to, (good role model) an example to follow.
Sportsmanship
Ethical, appropriate, polite and fair behaviour while participating in a game or athletic event; fair play.
Steroids
Anabolic steroids are synthetic hormones that enhance physical performance.
Stimulants
Drugs used to raise physiological arousal in the body
Violence
Physical acts committed in sport that go beyond the accepted rules of play or the expected levels of contact within a contact sport.
Balanced diet
A diet that contains the correct proportions of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, fibre and water necessary to maintain good health.
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
Where the blood vessels are narrowed and blood flow and oxygen to the heart is reduced.
Energy balance
Energy input = energy expenditure. This equation must balance for your body weight to remain constant.
Exercise
Activity that requires physical effort. Usually carried out to sustain or bring about improvements to health or fitness.
Fitness
Your ability to meet the physical demands placed on you by the environment.
Health
The state of emotional, physical and social well-being.
Hydration
Having the appropriate level of water in the body for it to function optimally. When this level of water falls below optimal levels it is referred to as dehydration.
Obesity
The state of being very overweight, with a lot of excess body fat, usually classified using the BMI calculation of 30 or above.
Physical activity
Movement of the body by the skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure.
Type 2 diabetes
A metabolic disorder that affects how your body handles glucose. Often associated with obesity and can be controlled through changes to your diet.
Closed skill
Skills that are performed in a predictable environment. E.g. a Player taking a line out in Rugby.
Complex skill
A skill which requires a lot of focus and decision making to perform.
Confidence
The degree to which a performer believes they have the ability to perform and complete tasks with success.
Environmental Continuum
A method of categorising skills along a continuum. Open skills affected by the sporting environment; the performer has to make decisions in response to their surroundings. Closed skills involves less decision making because it has a predictable environment; the performer can take their time to execute the skill.
Feedback
Information that is given to a performer either during or after their performance with the aim of improving future performances.
Guidance
Given to aid the learning of a skill. Visual: use of demonstrations that allow the performer to ‘see’ the skill Verbal: the coach will explain the technique Manual: the coach will physically manipulate the athlete through the skill Mechanical: use of apparatus or aids that assist the performer.
Mental preparation
The rehearsal of a physical skill that takes place within the mind of the performer without any actual physical movement.
Open skill
These are affected by the environment and are predominantly perceptual as they must be adapted to suit the environment. These skills are usually externally paced. E.g. a pass within a game situation in football.
Self-esteem
The degree worth and competence that we attribute to ourselves.
Simple skill
Consists of basic movement actions that are not difficult to perform with few decisions to make. E.g. A chest pass, a straight up and down jump.
Skilful movement
A fluent and coordinated movement which is efficient, technically accurate and aesthetically pleasing.
Skills continua
A method of categorising skills along a continuum that acknowledged that whilst they are all different they can all be classified according to their level of difficulty.
Gender
The state of being male or female.
