Gosia Deck

Question 1

1. If an EU citizen is in crisis in a country where the EU Member State of their nationality has no embassy, from which other state do they have the right to receive consular protection?
   A. From no other state
   B. From states on the same continent
   C. From any other state
   D. From any represented EU Member State

Answer 1

D. From any represented EU Member State -

D. From any represented EU Member State

Under Article 46 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union and Article 20(2)(c) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), EU citizens have the right to consular protection from any EU Member State’s embassy or consulate in a third country where their own Member State does not have a representation.

Question 2

2. What were the outcomes of the Long Term Review (LTR) initiated in May 2017 regarding the European Defence Agency (EDA)?
   A. Reducing the role of EDA in capability planning and prioritisation in Europe
   B. Establishing EDA as a separate defence organisation outside the EU framework
   C. Reinforcing EDA’s mission as the main instrument for intergovernmental capability planning and prioritisation in Europe
   D. Dissolving EDA and transferring its responsibilities to the European External Action Service (EEAS)

Answer 2

D. Reinforcing EDA’s mission as the main instrument for intergovernmental capability planning and prioritisation in Europe

In May 2017, the European Defence Agency (EDA) underwent a Long Term Review (LTR) to enhance its role in European defence cooperation. The review reinforced the EDA’s mission in three key areas:

Major Prioritisation Instrument: Strengthening the EDA as the primary intergovernmental tool at the EU level to support defence capability development.

Preferred Cooperation Forum: Establishing the EDA as the main platform and management support structure for Member States to engage in technology and capability development activities.

Interface with EU Institutions: Positioning the EDA as a central operator for EU-funded defence-related activities, facilitating coordination between Member States and EU institutions.

These measures aimed to ensure that the EDA remained fit for purpose in light of new challenges and initiatives within the EU’s defence landscape.

Question 3

3. Which European Union agency plays a key role in coordinating the response to security-related crises?
   A. European Medicines Agency
   B. European Defence Agency
   C. European Environment Agency
   D. European Aviation Safety Agency

Answer 3

B. European Defence Agency (EDA)
The European Defence Agency (EDA) plays a key role in coordinating responses to security-related crises, particularly in the context of defence capability development, crisis management, and operational support. The EDA supports EU Member States in strengthening defence cooperation, facilitating joint procurement, and enhancing military capabilities to respond to security crises.

Question 4

What is the ultimate goal of PESCO?
A. To establish a unified EU army
B. To create a European defence industrial complex
C. To develop a comprehensive EU defence strategy
D. To enhance defence cooperation and improve EU security and defence capabilities

Answer 4

The ultimate goal of Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) is to enhance defence cooperation among EU Member States, thereby improving the EU’s security and defence capabilities. This initiative aims to jointly develop defence capabilities and make them available for EU military operations, strengthening the EU’s capacity as an international security partner.
PESCO serves as a framework for EU Member States to collaborate on defence projects, ensuring that participating nations work together to develop and deploy military capabilities. This cooperation is designed to address security challenges more effectively and contribute to the EU’s strategic autonomy.
By fostering closer defence collaboration, PESCO aims to enhance the EU’s ability to respond to crises, support international peacekeeping efforts, and protect its citizens. This initiative reflects the EU’s commitment to strengthening its defence posture through collective action and shared resources.
https://eda.europa.eu/what-we-do/EU-defence-initiatives/permanent-structured-cooperation-%28PESCO%29?utm_source=chatgpt.com

Question 5

Which of the following is the primary objective of EU CSDP missions?
A. Economic development
B. Humanitarian assistance
C. Conflict prevention and assistance
D. Health crises support

Answer 5

C. Conflict prevention and assistance
The primary objective of EU Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) missions is conflict prevention and assistance. CSDP missions are deployed to promote peace, stability, and security in crisis-prone regions. These missions focus on conflict prevention, peacekeeping, and supporting post-conflict stabilization efforts. They may also involve capacity building for local security forces, training missions, and civilian crisis management.https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eeas/missions-and-operations_en

Question 6

What is the role of the European Union Military Staff (EUMS) within the European External Action Service (EEAS)?
A. Coordinating diplomatic negotiations with non-EU countries
B. Providing strategic planning for economic cooperation initiatives
C. Offering collective military expertise and coordination for operations/missions
D. Managing financial resources for humanitarian aid programs

Answer 6

C. Offering collective military expertise and coordination for operations/missions
The European Union Military Staff (EUMS) is part of the European External Action Service (EEAS) and plays a key role in providing military expertise, planning, and coordination for the EU’s Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) missions and operations. The EUMS supports the EU Military Committee (EUMC) and acts as a hub for strategic military planning, situational awareness, and crisis response. It ensures operational readiness, monitors ongoing missions, and facilitates coordination between military and civilian actors in EU operations. https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eums_en

Question 7

7. Which of the following statements is true regarding disruptions to critical infrastructure?
   A. Heatwaves, floods and droughts can heavily disrupt critical infrastructure.
   B. Essential services are independent and are not at risk of systemic failures.
   C. Critical infrastructure is not impacted by climate change.
   D. Critical infrastructure recovers easily from incidents.

Answer 7

A. Heatwaves, floods and droughts can heavily disrupt critical infrastructure. Climate change increases the frequency and severity of extreme weather events, such as heatwaves, floods, and droughts, which can significantly disrupt critical infrastructure. These disruptions affect essential services like energy supply, transportation, and water management, leading to cascading effects on societal functions. For instance, floods can damage power grids, causing widespread outages, while heatwaves can strain energy systems due to increased cooling demands. Droughts can impact water availability, affecting both domestic use and industrial processes. Therefore, it’s crucial to enhance the resilience of critical infrastructure to withstand and adapt to these climate-related challenges. https://climate.ec.europa.eu/climate-change/consequences-climate-change_en

Question 8

8. What is the “Beast from the East”?
   A. Aspecies of plant from the tundra
   B. A rock band
   C. Extremely cold weather affecting Europe in February 2018
   D. Another name for the grey wolf

Answer 8

Extremely cold weather affecting Europe in February 2018

The “Beast from the East” refers to a period of extremely cold weather that affected Europe, particularly the UK and Ireland, in February 2018. It was caused by a sudden stratospheric warming event that disrupted the polar vortex, allowing cold Siberian air to flow into Europe. This event brought heavy snowfall, icy winds, and sub-zero temperatures, leading to severe transport disruptions, power outages, and school closures.

Question 9

9. Which of the following is an example of critical infrastructure?
   A. Parks
   B. Retail centres
   C. Airports
   D. Residential buildings

Answer 9

C. Airports are a key example of critical infrastructure. Critical infrastructure refers to essential facilities, systems, and networks that are vital for the functioning of a society and economy. Airports play a critical role in transportation, trade, emergency response, and supply chain logistics. Disruptions to airport operations can have significant economic, security, and public safety consequences.

Source:

Question 10

10. Which EU agency is directly responsible for supporting the response to cybersecurity incidents and ensuring the digital resilience of the EU?
    A. European External Action Service
    B. Europol
    C. European Union Agency for Cybersecurity (ENISA)
    D. European Union Satellite Centre

Answer 10

C. European Union Agency for Cybersecurity (ENISA)

The European Union Agency for Cybersecurity (ENISA) is directly responsible for supporting the response to cybersecurity incidents and enhancing the EU’s digital resilience. ENISA works with EU Member States, EU institutions, and private sector stakeholders to strengthen cybersecurity capabilities, provide technical advice, and support the development of cybersecurity policies. The agency also plays a key role in coordinating responses to large-scale cybersecurity incidents and facilitating information sharing. https://www.enisa.europa.eu/

Question 11

11. What does the European Union’s Civil Protection Mechanism entail?
    A. A system for coordinating humanitarian aid during international crises
    B. A legislative structure enabling the utilisation of EU military forces during crises
    C. Centralized command structure for coordinating crisis management efforts across EU member states
    D. A platform to strengthen cooperation between the EU countries and 9 participating states on civil protection to improve prevention, preparedness, and response to disasters.

Answer 11

D. A platform to strengthen cooperation between the EU countries and 9 participating states on civil protection to improve prevention, preparedness, and response to disasters.
The European Union Civil Protection Mechanism (UCPM) is a framework designed to enhance cooperation between the EU and nine participating non-EU countries. Its main goal is to improve disaster prevention, preparedness, and response. The UCPM facilitates the pooling of resources, expertise, and equipment to assist countries in crisis, both within and outside the EU. It also provides financial support and logistical coordination for disaster relief operations.

Source: https://civil-protection-humanitarian-aid.ec.europa.eu/what/civil-protection/eu-civil-protection-mechanism_en

Question 12

12. What is the name of the operational hub of the EU Civil Protection Mechanism?
    A. The European Union Civil Protection Knowledge Network
    B. The European Disaster Risk Management Hub
    C. The European Civil Protection Pool
    D. The EU’s Emergency Response Coordination Centre

Answer 12

D. The EU’s Emergency Response Coordination Centre (ERCC)

The Emergency Response Coordination Centre (ERCC) serves as the operational hub of the EU Civil Protection Mechanism. It operates 24/7 to coordinate disaster response efforts, facilitate resource mobilization, and ensure effective communication between EU Member States, participating countries, and international partners. The ERCC plays a key role in responding to emergencies both within and outside the EU by monitoring risks, providing real-time updates, and deploying assistance when requested.

Source: https://civil-protection-humanitarian-aid.ec.europa.eu/what/civil-protection/emergency-response-coordination-centre-ercc_en

Question 13

13. What is the Politico-Military Group (PMG) in the context of EU crisis management?
    A. A group of military advisors responsible for strategic planning in crisis situations
    B. An EU agency coordinating diplomatic negotiations during conflicts
    C. A committee of political and military representatives responsible for providing strategic advice and coordinating activities in crisis management
    D. A financial body overseeing the allocation of resources for crisis response efforts

Answer 13

C. A committee of political and military representatives responsible for providing strategic advice and coordinating activities in crisis management

The Politico-Military Group (PMG) is a key component of the EU’s Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) framework. It is composed of political and military representatives from EU Member States and EU institutions. The PMG provides strategic advice, prepares Council conclusions, and coordinates the development of EU crisis management concepts and policies. It plays a crucial role in ensuring coherence between the political and military aspects of EU crisis response efforts.

Source:

Question 14

14. Which of the following is a man-made threat to critical infrastructure?
    A. Technical breakdowns
    B. Cyberattacks
    C. Floods
    D. Road accidents

Answer 14

B. Cyberattacks

Cyberattacks are a key example of a man-made threat to critical infrastructure. Cyberattacks are deliberate, malicious attempts to disrupt, damage, or gain unauthorized access to information systems and operational technology. Such attacks can target energy grids, transportation networks, healthcare systems, financial services, and other essential infrastructure, potentially causing large-scale disruptions. https://www.enisa.europa.eu/topics/cybersecurity-of-critical-sectors

Question 15

15. What was the EU’s largest emergency operation ever since the creation of the EU Civil Protection Mechanism?
    A. Rescue operations during floods in Pakistan
    B. Response to wildfires in Greece
    C. Operations during the war in Ukraine
    D. Response to marine pollution

Answer 15

C. Operations during the war in Ukraine

The EU’s largest emergency operation since the creation of the EU Civil Protection Mechanism has been in response to the war in Ukraine. Following Russia’s invasion in February 2022, the Mechanism was activated to coordinate extensive assistance to Ukraine and neighboring countries. This support included the delivery of millions of emergency items such as first aid kits, shelter equipment, firefighting gear, water pumps, power generators, and fuel. Additionally, the EU coordinated medical evacuations of Ukrainian patients in need of urgent care to hospitals across Europe. This operation represents the largest activation of the Mechanism to date, demonstrating the EU’s commitment to providing substantial aid during the ongoing crisis.

Source: https://civil-protection-humanitarian-aid.ec.europa.eu/what/civil-protection/eu-civil-protection-mechanism_en

Question 16

16. What is the role of the European External Action Service (EEAS) in the EU Strategic Compass?
    A. Leading the development and implementation of the EU Strategic Compass
    B. Coordinating economic policies among EU member states
    C. Providing financial support to crisis-affected non-EU countries
    D. Managing defence procurement and acquisitions

Answer 16

A. Leading the development and implementation of the EU Strategic Compass

The European External Action Service (EEAS) plays a central role in the development and implementation of the EU Strategic Compass, which serves as a key policy document to guide the EU’s security and defence priorities. The EEAS, under the leadership of the High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, is responsible for drafting the Strategic Compass in close cooperation with EU Member States. The document outlines the EU’s strategic objectives in defence, crisis management, resilience, and partnerships.

Question 17

17. What category did most of the reported terrorist attacks in the EU in 2022 belong to?
    A. Jihadism
    B. Right-wing
    C. Left-wing and anarchist
    D. Ethno-nationalist and separatist

Answer 17

According to Europol’s European Union Terrorism Situation and Trend Report 2023 (TE-SAT), in 2022, EU Member States reported a total of 28 terrorist attacks, comprising completed, failed, and foiled incidents. Of these, 16 attacks were completed, with the following breakdown:

Left-wing and anarchist terrorism: 13 attacks
Jihadist terrorism: 2 attacks
Right-wing terrorism: 1 attack
This data indicates that the majority of completed terrorist attacks in the EU during 2022 were attributed to left-wing and anarchist groups. It’s important to note that the total number of attacks increased compared to 2021 (which had 18 attacks) but remained lower than in 2020 (which had 56 attacks). The fluctuation in these numbers may be influenced by varying categorization practices of left-wing terrorist attacks by reporting countries over the past few years.

Question 18

18. According to the “Berlin Plus” arrangements:

A. NATO can never contribute military resources to the EU
B. the EU can, when in crisis, draw on UN capabilities to supplement military and humanitarian resources
C. the EU can, when in crisis, draw on NATO capabilities to supplement its military resources
D. the OSCE can support the EU, in crisis management, with its expertise in arms control and human rights

Answer 18

C. The EU can, when in crisis, draw on NATO capabilities to supplement its military resources
The “Berlin Plus” arrangements are a set of agreements between the European Union (EU) and NATO that allow the EU to access NATO’s military assets and capabilities for crisis management operations. This arrangement ensures that the EU can use NATO’s planning structures, logistics, and military resources in situations where NATO as an organization is not involved.
These arrangements are intended to avoid duplication of efforts, promote complementarity, and ensure effective cooperation between the two organizations in crisis management. The Berlin Plus framework is crucial for the EU’s ability to conduct military missions, especially in regions where NATO’s strategic resources can provide operational support.

Question 19

19. How does the EU support the enhanced cooperation between Chad, Burkina Faso, Mali, Mauritania, and Niger (also known as the G5 Sahel countries) to achieve a common approach to regional challenges?
    A. through a special division based in Brussels and which coordinates projects in the region
    B. through a Regional Advisory and Coordination Cell (RAC) based in Mauritania
    C. through a Regional Mission Chief based in Niger with a staff of 125 people
    D. through several pilot projects coordinated by the Deputy Head of Mission EUCAP Sahel Mali

Answer 19

B. through a Regional Advisory and Coordination Cell (RAC) based in Mauritania
The European Union (EU) supports enhanced cooperation among the G5 Sahel countries—Chad, Burkina Faso, Mali, Mauritania, and Niger—through the Regional Advisory and Coordination Cell (RACC), based in Nouakchott, Mauritania. The RACC provides strategic advice and coordination to strengthen regional cooperation in security and defense, addressing common challenges such as terrorism, illicit trafficking, and transnational organized crime. This initiative underscores the EU’s commitment to promoting stability, security, and good governance in the Sahel region. https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eu-racc-sahel/about-eu-regional-advisory-and-coordination-cell-sahel-racc_en

Question 20

Which of the following represent resources in the European Civil Protection Pool?
A. Clothing
B. Bottled water
C. Transportation
D. Food

Answer 20

C. Transportation

The European Civil Protection Pool (ECPP) is a collection of pre-committed, ready-to-deploy resources from EU Member States and participating countries. While essential supplies like food, water, and clothing are often part of humanitarian aid, the ECPP focuses on operational resources such as transport, medical teams, field hospitals, emergency shelters, firefighting equipment, and rescue teams. Transportation resources (like planes, helicopters, and vehicles) play a vital role in ensuring the timely deployment of aid and emergency response teams to disaster-affected areas.

Source:https://civil-protection-humanitarian-aid.ec.europa.eu/what/civil-protection/european-civil-protection-pool_en

Question 21

21. Which Treaty provided a more comprehensive legal basis for the EU to address and respond to crises effectively?
    a. Treaty of Rome
    b. Treaty of Lisbon
    c. Treaty of Maastricht
    d. Treaty of Nice

Answer 21

b. Treaty of Lisbon

The Treaty of Lisbon provided a more comprehensive legal basis for the EU to address and respond to crises effectively. It introduced significant changes to the EU’s crisis management and security framework by strengthening the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). Key provisions of the Treaty of Lisbon include:

Creation of the High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, who coordinates the EU’s external action.
Legal basis for the Solidarity Clause (Article 222 TFEU), which allows the EU to mobilize resources in response to terrorist attacks or natural and man-made disasters.
Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO), enabling willing and capable EU Member States to collaborate more closely on defence and security issues.
Enhanced role for the European External Action Service (EEAS), ensuring greater coordination and coherence in EU crisis response.
These measures significantly strengthened the EU’s capacity to respond to internal and external crises. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=LEGISSUM:ai0033

Question 22

22. What is the role of the Military Planning and Conduct Capability (MPCC) within the EU?
    a. To provide financial support for military operations.
    b. To oversee the implementation of civilian CSDP missions
    c. To plan and conduct non-executive military missions and operations.
    d. To coordinate humanitarian aid efforts in conflict-affected regions.

Answer 22

c. To plan and conduct non-executive military missions and operations

The Military Planning and Conduct Capability (MPCC) is a part of the European External Action Service (EEAS) and serves as the EU’s military headquarters for planning and conducting non-executive military missions and operations. The MPCC focuses on missions such as training and advisory missions rather than direct combat or executive operations. It was established in 2017.

Its key roles include:
Planning, commanding, and supporting non-executive military CSDP missions, such as EU training missions in countries like Mali, Somalia, and the Central African Republic.
Providing operational headquarters for EU training missions.
Supporting the EU Military Committee (EUMC) and ensuring coherence between military and civilian CSDP missions.
The MPCC is a critical component of the EU’s Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP), enabling the EU to play a more autonomous role in crisis management and capacity building in partner countries.
MPCC currently commands EU Training Missions (EUTM) in Mali, Somalia, CAR, MOzambique, EU Military Partner Missions (EUMPM) in NIger and EU Military Assistance Mission (EUMAM) for Ukraine.

Question 23

How are decisions on EU CSDP missions made?
A. Unanimous agreement of all EU member states
B. Decision by the European Commission President
C. Consultation with the United Nations Security Council
D. Coalition of the willing between interested EU Member States

Answer 23

A. Unanimous agreement of all EU member states

Decisions on EU Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) missions are made through the unanimous agreement of all EU Member States within the Council of the European Union. This approach ensures that all EU Member States have a say in the deployment and operational mandates of CSDP missions.

How the Decision-Making Process Works
1. Proposal and Planning: CSDP missions are proposed based on strategic needs or external crisis developments. Specifically, the European External Action Service (EEAS), often in coordination with the Political and Security Committee (PSC), prepares initial proposals and mission concepts. b. Advice is provided by other EU entities, such as the EU Military Committee (EUMC) and the Military Planning and Conduct Capability (MPCC).

2. Council Decision: The proposal is submitted to the Council of the European Union, where it requires unanimous approval from all Member States. The Council defines the mission’s scope, objectives, and budget.
3. Implementation and Oversight: Once agreed, the operational headquarters (like the MPCC for military missions) manages the day-to-day implementation of the mission. The Political and Security Committee (PSC) provides strategic direction and political control throughout the mission. This unanimity requirement reflects the intergovernmental nature of the CSDP. No single EU body, including the Commission or European Parliament, has the authority to unilaterally authorize CSDP missions.

Question 24

Which of the following is a cooperation framework between the United Nations and the European Commission providing alerts and coordination in the first phase after major sudden-onset disasters?
A. The Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System (GDACS)
B. The Disaster Risk Management Knowledge Centre (DRMKC)
C. The Copernicus Emergency Management Centre
D. The European Crisis Management Laboratory

Answer 24

A. The Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System (GDACS)

The Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System (GDACS) is a cooperation framework between the United Nations (UN) and the European Commission. It provides real-time alerts and facilitates coordination in the initial phase after major sudden-onset disasters, such as earthquakes, tsunamis, and tropical cyclones. GDACS integrates scientific data from sources like seismological and meteorological organizations to issue alerts, and it supports the coordination of international humanitarian response efforts.

Key Features of GDACS
Early Warning System: Provides real-time alerts on sudden-onset disasters worldwide.
Coordination Tool: Facilitates coordination between UN agencies, EU entities, governments, and international NGOs.
Information Hub: Shares disaster impact assessments, response measures, and situation updates.
Global Reach: Ensures that affected countries and the international community receive timely alerts and access to essential resources.

Question 25

23. Who has the authority to activate the European Union’s integrated political crisis response mechanism?
    A. European Commission
    B. European Parliament
    C. The High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy
    D. The rotating Presidency of the Council of the EU

Answer 25

D. The rotating Presidency of the Council of the EU

The authority to activate the European Union’s Integrated Political Crisis Response (IPCR) mechanism lies with the rotating Presidency of the Council of the EU. The IPCR is a framework that enhances the EU’s ability to respond to major, complex crises (natural disasters, terrorist attacks, pandemics, etc.) through improved coordination and information-sharing among EU institutions, Member States, and international partners.

The rotating Presidency of the Council (which changes every six months) can activate the IPCR mechanism, either in full mode or monitoring mode, depending on the severity of the crisis.
In some cases, activation can be requested by the European Commission, but it is ultimately the Presidency that makes the decision.
Role of the High Representative:
While the High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy plays a critical role in the EU’s crisis response, particularly in external action and diplomatic coordination, they do not have the authority to activate the IPCR mechanism.
Crisis Coordination:
Once activated, the IPCR enables continuous information exchange and coordinated decision-making among Member States, the European Commission, and relevant EU bodies.
It ensures timely responses and strategic decision-making at the highest political level, including regular video conferences with ministers and senior officials.
Source:

Question 26

What percentage of money mule transactions (a form of money laundering) identified through the European Money Mule Actions are linked to cybercrime?
A. More than 90%
B. About 20%
C. Less than 60%
D. Around 45%

Answer 26

According to Europol, more than 90% of money mule transactions identified through the European Money Mule Actions are linked to cybercrime. These illicit funds often originate from cybercriminal activities such as phishing, malware attacks, online auction fraud, e-commerce fraud, business email compromise (BEC), CEO fraud, romance scams, and holiday booking fraud. Money mules are individuals recruited, sometimes unwittingly, to transfer illegally obtained money on behalf of criminals, thereby facilitating the laundering of proceeds from cybercrime. The high percentage of money mule transactions connected to cybercrime underscores the critical role these intermediaries play in the cybercriminal ecosystem.
https://www.europol.europa.eu/operations-services-and-innovation/public-awareness-and-prevention-guides/money-muling

Question 27

What is the maximum European Union financial assistance for capacities pre-committed to the European Civil Protection Pool?
A. 75% of the costs of operating the capacities
B. 15% of the costs of operating the capacities
C. 25% of the costs of operating the capacities
D. 55% of the costs of operating the capacities

Answer 27

The European Union provides financial assistance covering 75% of the operational costs, including transport, for capacities pre-committed to the European Civil Protection Pool (ECPP) when deployed in response to disasters. This co-financing arrangement incentivizes EU Member States and Participating States to contribute their resources to the ECPP, ensuring a more coordinated and effective response to emergencies both within and outside the EU. https://civil-protection-humanitarian-aid.ec.europa.eu/what/civil-protection/european-civil-protection-pool_en?utm_source=chatgpt.com

Question 28

According to the EU Policy on Training for CSDP, the training of personnel for CSDP missions and operations is primarily the responsibility of:

A. the European External Actions Service
B. the European Commission
C. the European Defence Agency
D. the EU Member States

Answer 28

According to the EU Policy on Training for the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP), the training of personnel for CSDP missions and operations is primarily the responsibility of the EU Member States. This policy emphasizes that while Member States hold the primary responsibility, this task is shared with EU institutions and dedicated bodies to ensure a coordinated and effective approach to training.

The policy outlines that each Member State maintains full discretion over the organization of its training systems and is responsible for providing strategic guidance for CSDP training through relevant Council configurations. This includes ensuring that seconded staff deployed to CSDP missions and operations receive adequate training based on common CSDP standards set by the Council.

Additionally, the European External Action Service (EEAS) is tasked with coordinating the EU Policy on CSDP Training, aligning it with broader EU objectives and relevant policies. The European Security and Defence College (ESDC) plays a pivotal role in coordinating the implementation of this policy and CSDP training, working closely with Member States and relevant training institutions.

Source:https://www.coe-civ.eu/kh/eu-policy-on-training-for-csdp-2024

Question 29

How does the EU Strategic Compass address the EU’s role in conflict prevention and peacebuilding?
A. By establishing a standing EU peacekeeping force for global deployments
B. By promoting diplomatic negotiations and mediating in international conflicts
C. By providing financial support to non-EU countries affected by conflicts
D. By enhancing the EU’s conflict prevention and peacebuilding capabilities

Answer 29

The EU Strategic Compass addresses the EU’s role in conflict prevention and peacebuilding by enhancing the EU’s conflict prevention and peacebuilding capabilities. This comprehensive strategy outlines concrete actions to strengthen the EU’s capacity to act decisively in crises and to contribute to international peace and security.

Key Initiatives Include:
Establishing a Rapid Deployment Capacity: The EU plans to create a Rapid Deployment Capacity of up to 5,000 troops to respond swiftly to emerging crises. Boosting Intelligence and Threat Analysis: Enhancing intelligence capabilities to better anticipate and respond to potential conflicts.
Developing Hybrid and Cyber Defense Tools: Creating specialized teams and tools to address hybrid threats and cyberattacks, which are increasingly used to destabilize regions.
Strengthening Partnerships: Collaborating with international organizations like the UN and regional partners to support peacebuilding efforts.

Question 30

In what operational mode did the Swedish Presidency of the Council of the EU activate the integrated political crisis response (IPCR) in response to the 6 February 2023 earthquake in
Turkiye?

A. In full activation mode
B. IN monitoring mode
C. In informational sharing mode
D. In monitoring and information sharing mode

Answer 30

In response to the devastating earthquake that struck Türkiye and Syria on 6 February 2023, the Swedish Presidency of the Council of the EU activated the Integrated Political Crisis Response (IPCR) mechanism in full activation mode. This decision facilitated coordinated EU support measures in close collaboration with the European Commission. The full activation of the IPCR enabled the EU to effectively mobilize resources and coordinate assistance to the affected regions, demonstrating solidarity and a swift response to the crisis.

Question 31

What is the role of the Political and Security Committee (PSC)?
A. Overview work of all EU institutions responsible for EU security policy
B. Responsibility for the EU Commons Foreign and Security Policy and Common Security and Defence Policy
C. Engages with the European Parliament
D. Ensures coordination between the European Commission DGs

Answer 31

Correct. answer: B: The Political and Security Committee (PSC) plays a pivotal role in the European Union’s Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). Its primary responsibilities include:
a. Monitoring the International Situation: The PSC keeps track of global events and developments that may impact the EU’s foreign and security interests.
b. Defining EU Policies: It contributes to shaping the EU’s CFSP and CSDP by formulating policy recommendations and strategies.
c. Political Control and Strategic Direction: Under the authority of the Council and the High Representative, the PSC exercises political control and provides strategic direction for crisis management operations.
Given these functions, the PSC does not engage directly with the European Parliament nor does it ensure coordination between the European Commission’s Directorates-General. Its focus is on monitoring international situations, defining EU policies, and overseeing crisis management operations within the CFSP and CSDP frameworks.

Question 32

Which financial institution does the EU revert to for financial assistance to Member States during a crisis?

A. European Investment Bank
B. European Central Bank
C. European Stability Mechanism
D. European Fund for Strategic Investments

Answer 32

C. European Stability Mechanism. In times of crisis, the European Union (EU) primarily relies on the European Stability Mechanism (ESM) to provide financial assistance to Member States. The ESM offers various lending instruments to support euro area countries facing financial difficulties. Additionally, the EU has established mechanisms such as the European Financial Stabilisation Mechanism (EFSM) and the European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF) to assist Member States during financial crises. While the European Investment Bank (EIB) plays a significant role in financing projects that promote EU objectives, it is not the primary institution for crisis-related financial assistance to Member States. Similarly, the European Central Bank (ECB) focuses on monetary policy and financial stability but does not directly provide financial assistance to Member States during crises. Therefore, the EU primarily utilizes the ESM, EFSM, and EFSF for financial assistance to Member States during crises, rather than the EIB or ECB.

Question 33

What is the Council of the EU working party in charge of negotiating the civil protection legislation?
A. The Working Party on Civil Law Matters
B. The Working Party on Terrorism
C. The Working Party on Civilian Aspects of Crisis Management (CivCom)
D. The Working Party on Civil Protection

Answer 33

The Working Party on Civil Protection (PROCIV) is the Council of the EU’s preparatory body responsible for negotiating civil protection legislation. It deals with issues related to disaster risk reduction, prevention, preparedness, and response, both within and outside the EU. PROCIV plays a crucial role in shaping and updating the EU Civil Protection Mechanism (UCPM), which enables coordinated disaster response among EU Member States.https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/council-eu/preparatory-bodies/working-party-civil-protection/

Question 34

When were EU CSDP missions formally launched?

A. 1992
B. 1998
C. 2009
D. 2003

Answer 34

D. The European Union (EU) formally launched its first Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) missions in 2003. These initial operations included the EU Police Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina and a military operation in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (now North Macedonia).
Since then, the EU has undertaken numerous overseas missions, deploying both civilian and military operations across various regions, including Europe, Africa, and Asia.

Question 35

Which of the following is an emerging new theme in national risk assessments?

A. Hybrid threats
B. Climate change threats Hybrid threats
C. Terrorist threats
D. Cyberattacks

Answer 35

National risk assessments are increasingly incorporating hybrid threats as an emerging theme. Hybrid threats combine conventional military force with unconventional tactics such as cyberattacks, disinformation campaigns, and economic pressure, aiming to exploit societal vulnerabilities and undermine national security. While climate change threats, terrorist threats, and cyberattacks have been longstanding concerns in national risk assessments, the recognition of hybrid threats represents a more recent development. This shift acknowledges the complex and multifaceted nature of modern security challenges that transcend traditional categories. For instance, the UK’s National Risk Register identifies nine risk themes, including hybrid threats, reflecting their growing importance in national security planning.

Question 36

How is the European Peace Facility (EPF) funded?
A. Through the contributions of EU member states depending on Gross National Income
B. Through private donations from international organisations.
C. Through loans from international financial institutions.
D. Through the EU’s common budget and external financing instruments.

Answer 36

A. The European Peace Facility (EPF) is financed through contributions from EU Member States, calculated based on each country’s Gross National Income (GNI). This off-budget mechanism, established to support the EU’s Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) actions with military and defense implications, ensures that funding aligns with the economic capacity of each Memb

Question 37

What is the total amount of EU support earmarked for DRM and climate change adaptation, for the 2021-2027 period, under the Cohesion policy funds, the European Agricultural
Fund for Rural Development, and the Recovery and Resilience Facility?
A. Over 25 billion EUR
B. About 5 billion EUR
C. Under 25 billion EUR
D. About 10 billion EUR

Answer 37

The European Union (EU) has earmarked substantial funding for disaster risk management (DRM) and climate change adaptation for the 2021-2027 period through various instruments:
Cohesion Policy Funds: Approximately €14 billion is allocated to support Member States in preventing and managing climate-related risks.
European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD): At least 30% of funding for each Rural Development Programme is dedicated to measures relevant to the environment and climate change.
Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF): As part of the NextGenerationEU initiative, the RRF allocates €672.5 billion to support investments and reforms, with a significant portion aimed at climate action.
Given these allocations, the total EU support earmarked for DRM and climate change adaptation for the 2021-2027 period exceeds €25 billion.
Therefore, the correct answer is: A. Over 25 billion EUR

Question 38

Which EU Member State has opted-out from the EU’s defence policy in 1992, yet rejoined in 2022?
A. France
B. Sweden
C. Denmark
D. United Kingdom

Answer 38

Denmark initially secured an opt-out from the European Union’s defense policy in 1992 following the Maastricht Treaty’s rejection in a national referendum. This opt-out was formalized in the 1992 Edinburgh Agreement, allowing Denmark to abstain from participation in the EU’s Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). However, in response to evolving security dynamics in Europe, Denmark held a referendum on June 1, 2022, to reconsider its defense opt-out. The Danish electorate voted in favor of abolishing the opt-out, with 66.9% supporting the change. This decision enabled Denmark to fully participate in the EU’s defense policy and CSDP initiatives. Therefore, the correct answer is: C. Denmark

Question 39

What is the European Commission Directorate General coordinating all activities relating to the Critical Infrastructure Warning Information Network (CIWIN)?

A. DG FISMA
B. DG GROW
C. DG ECHO
D. DG HOME

Answer 39

The Critical Infrastructure Warning Information Network (CIWIN) is coordinated by the Directorate-General for Migration and Home Affairs (DG HOME) of the European Commission. DG HOME oversees activities related to critical infrastructure protection, including the management of CIWIN, which serves as a secure platform for EU Member States to exchange information and best practices concerning critical infrastructure protection.

Therefore, the correct answer is D - DG HOME

Question 40

Which of the following statements is true according to INFORM matrix, a collaboration of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee Reference Group on Risk, Early Warning and Preparedness
and the European Commission?
A. By 2030, under the pessimistic scenario, more than 70 million people will be annually exposed to coastal floods.
B. By 2050, under the pessimistic scenario, more than half of world population will be potentially at risk of malaria.
C. By 2050, under the pessimistic scenario, the largest exposure to malaria will be in Europe and in North America.
D. By 2050, under the optimistic scenario, more than 300 million people will be annually exposed to river floods.

Answer 40

Correct Answer is B: By 2050, under the pessimistic scenario, more than half of world population will be potentially at risk of malaria. This can be reduced significantly under the optimistic scenario. The largest increase in exposure will be in Asia and Africa. Europe - currently a mainly malaria free region - will experience a considerable increase. The number of people at risk of dengue will double
https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index/Portals/0/InfoRM/2022/INFORM%20Climate%20Change%20Brochure.pdf

Question 41

How many terrorist acts took place in the Western Balkan region in 2022?
A. One
B. Ten
C. Two
D. None

Answer 41

According to Europol’s 2022 report, there were no terrorist attacks in any of the Western Balkan countries during that year. However, the region continues to face challenges related to radicalization, influenced by complex issues of identity, religion, socioeconomic conditions, and high unemployment rates. These factors can contribute to the spread of extremist ideologies, necessitating ongoing vigilance and preventive measures. Therefore, the correct answer is D: Nonehttps://en.vijesti.me/world-a/evropa/661628/europol-the-global-terrorist-threat-is-growing?utm_source=chatgpt.com

Question 42

Which of the early warning system has been reportedly implemented by the EU Member States and Participating States to the EU Civil Protection Mechanism?

A. Early warning systems for cyber risks
B. Early Warning systems for nuclear and radiological alerts
C. Early warning systems for critical infrastructure disruption
D. Early warning systems for industrial accidents

Answer 42

Correct answer is BȘ For technological risks, early warning systems for nuclear and radiological accidents are the most commonly reported, followed by early warning systems for cyber risks, critical infrastructure, REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND
THE COUNCIL
on progress on implementation of article 6 of the Union Civil Protection Mechanism
(Decision No 1313/2013/EU)disruption and industrial accidents. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52024DC0130

Question 43

In 2024, three targeted peer reviews focussing on wildfires are carried out within the European Commission’s work on wildfire prevention at the EU level. Where do they take place?
A. In Greece, Italy and the Land of Brandendburg.
B. In Spain, Greece and Italy
C. In Belgium, Romania and Portugal
D. In Spain, France and Hungary

Answer 43

Correct Answer - AȘ Greece: The Greek civil protection authorities requested a wildfire-specific peer review in September 2023. The on-site review mission took place in and around Athens during a full week at the end of January 2024. Greece was the first country to pilot the Wildfire Peer Review Assessment Framework. Italy: The Italian Civil Protection Department requested a peer review of wildfire risk management capabilities under the UCPM Peer Review Programme in September 2023. The on-site mission occurred from May 20 to 24, 2024, involving experts from Spain, Portugal, France, and the Czech Republic. Brandenburg, Germany: A thematic peer review on the wildfire risk management system and capabilities of the Brandenburg state took place from November 18 to 22, 2024. Four experts from Spain, Italy, and Portugal participated in the on-site mission.

Question 44

‘What are the most common and most costly natural disasters in Europe?
A. Floods
B. Wildfires
C. Earthquakes
Droughts

Answer 44

Floods are the most common and most costly natural disasters in Europe. They have become more frequent due to climate change, leading to devastating effects that endanger lives and result in significant economic losses. For instance, the July 2021 floods in central Europe, particularly in Germany’s Ahr Valley, were among the most expensive natural disasters in Europe in recent decades, causing aggregate losses of approximately US$58 billion. The European Environment Agency has noted that the number and impacts of disasters have increased in Europe, with flooding and storms being the most costly hazards. Given these trends, the European Commission has emphasized the need for enhanced flood risk management and investment in flood defenses to mitigate the impact of such disasters.

Question 45

How many Galileo satellites and ground stations support the EU efforts of tracking disasters from space?
A. 3
B. 6
C.12
D.24

Answer 45

The Galileo satellite navigation system, developed by the European Union, comprises both space and ground segments that support various applications, including disaster tracking and management.
Satellites: As of September 2024, the Galileo constellation consists of 32 satellites, with 25 operational, 2 undergoing commissioning, 4 not usable, and 1 decommissioned. The fully operational constellation is designed to have 30 satellites: 24 active and 6 spares, distributed across three orbital planes.

Question 46

What does the name RaidForums stand for?

A. Global community of cyber-experts working to curtail cyber-crime
B. Europol operation aimed at dismantling dark-web forum Tourniquet
C. One of the major hacking forums
D. A international ransomware group of North Korean origin

Answer 46

RaidForums was an English-language black hat hacking internet forum founded in 2015. The website facilitated the discussion of various hacking topics and was a notable distributor of various data breaches, hacking tools, and pornography until its closure and seizure by law enforcement authorities in 2022. RaidForums was a prominent online platform that facilitated the buying and selling of hacked or stolen data, impacting numerous organizations and individuals across the European Union (EU). The forum’s activities included the distribution of sensitive personal and financial information obtained through data breaches, affecting both EU citizens and institutions.
In April 2022, an international law enforcement operation known as Operation TOURNIQUET, coordinated by Europol, led to the takedown of RaidForums. This operation involved agencies from multiple countries, including EU Member States such as Sweden, Portugal, and Romania. The forum’s infrastructure was seized, and its administrator, along with two accomplices, was arrested.

Question 47

How many Member States were initially participating in PESCO?
A: 10
B. 12
C. 25
D. 27

Answer 47

The Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) was established on 11 December 2017 with the participation of 25 EU Member States. Denmark and Malta chose not to participate at that time. Denmark had an opt-out from the EU’s Common Security and Defence Policy, which it maintained until July 2022. Malta opted out due to concerns that participation might conflict with its neutrality. As of now, PESCO includes 26 participating Member States, with Malta remaining the only EU country not involved in this defense initiative.

Question 48

What percentage of all the European water basins was covered, at the end of 2022, by the Copernicus Emergency Management Service (CEMS) Hydrological Data Collection Centre
(HDCC)?
A. 54%
B. 45%
C. 90%
D. 12%

Answer 48

As of the end of 2022, the Copernicus Emergency Management Service (CEMS) Hydrological Data Collection Centre (HDCC) had expanded its data collection network to include 2,382 hydrological stations across 49 data providers. This network covered 34 countries and approximately 54% of all European water basins.

Question 49

Which institution of the European Union is primarily responsible for coordinating crisis management?
A: European Parliament
B. European Commission
C. Council of the European Union
D. European External Actions Service

Answer 49

The European Union (EU) employs a comprehensive approach to crisis management, involving multiple institutions with distinct roles: Council of the European Union: The Council, particularly through its rotating presidency, coordinates the EU’s political response to crises. It can activate the Integrated Political Crisis Response (IPCR) arrangements to facilitate decision-making and ensure a coordinated approach among Member States. European Commission: Within the Commission, the Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations (DG ECHO) manages the EU Civil Protection Mechanism. This mechanism coordinates disaster response efforts, both within and outside the EU, through the Emergency Response Coordination Centre (ERCC).
European External Action Service (EEAS): The EEAS, led by the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, plays a crucial role in external crisis management, particularly concerning the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). It coordinates diplomatic and military responses to international crises.

Question 50

How did the European Medical Corps help Madagascar following tropical cyclone Batsirai (in February and March 2022)?

A. Medical team from Norway supported those affected by the earthquake and ensuing hurricane.
B. Four Emergency Medical Teams from Germany, Italy, Portugal, and Spain were sent.
C. Specialised medical team from Italy treated patients with burns.
D. Medical team from Poland was deployed

Answer 50

Following Tropical Cyclone Batsirai’s impact on Madagascar in February 2022, the European Medical Corps coordinated a response to address the ensuing health crisis. A medical team from Poland was deployed to provide essential medical assistance to the affected populations. This deployment was facilitated through the EU Civil Protection Mechanism, which enables coordinated support from EU Member States and participating countries in response to disasters. The Polish Emergency Medical Team’s efforts were part of a broader EU initiative to assist Madagascar during this challenging period. Therefore, the correct answer is: D. Medical team from Poland was deployed

Question 51

What is the water-holding capacity of the aerial firefighting aircraft of which the European Commission announced its intention to purchase 12 by 2026?

A. 1 ton
B. 3 tons
C. 3.5 tons
D. 5-7 tons

Answer 51

The European Commission has announced plans to purchase 12 new amphibious firefighting aircraft to enhance the rescEU fleet by 2027. These aircraft are expected to be De Havilland Canada DHC-515 Firefighters, formerly known as Canadair CL-515. The DHC-515 is designed to carry up to 7,000 liters of water, which is equivalent to 7 metric tons. These aircraft will be stationed across six EU Member States: Croatia, France, Greece, Italy, Portugal, and Spain, to bolster the EU’s aerial firefighting capabilities

Question 52

What does shimming stand for in a cybersecurity context?

A. Charity scams leveraging emergency situations
B. Attacks on ATMs
C. Attempts to acquire sensitive data, such as bank account numbers, through a fraudulent solicitation in email or on a website
D. Relay attacks targeting payment card chips

Answer 52

In cybersecurity, shimming refers to a technique where attackers insert a small piece of malicious code, known as a “shim,” between two components of a system—typically between an application and the operating system. This allows the attacker to intercept, modify, or redirect data and system calls without the user’s knowledge. Shimming can be used to bypass security measures, gain unauthorized access, or execute malicious activities within a system

Question 53

Which of the following initiatives brings radiological and nuclear expertise and knowledge to the EU Emergency Response Coordination Centre (ERCC)?
A. . The European Anthropogenic Hazard Scientific Partnership
B. The European Natural Hazard Scientific Partnership
C. The Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System
D. The European Early Warning and Information Consortium

Answer 53

A, The European Commission has also established the European Natural Hazard Scientific Partnership. This consortium of over 20 partners offers 24/7 monitoring and scientific advice on a wide range of natural hazards both at European and global levels.
The European Anthropogenic Hazard Scientific Partnership brings radiological and nuclear expertise and knowledge to the ERCC.
In case of radiological or nuclear emergency, this consortium of 5 partners will provide a rapid assessment of the situation as well as continuous updates on the ongoing event to facilitate decision-making.

Question 54

What was the biggest marine oil spill in Europe’s history?

A. The 1991 explosion on the Haven tanker off the port of Genoa
B. The 1976 Sinking of Amoco Cadizz off the coast of France
C. The 2002 Prestige oil spill in Spain
D. The 1999 Erika disaster in France

Answer 54

The Amoco Cadiz oil spill in 1978 remains the largest marine oil spill in Europe’s history. The US-owned supertanker Amoco Cadiz sank off the western tip of Brittany, France, releasing approximately 230,000 tonnes of crude oil and polluting 360 kilometers of coastline. This disaster had a devastating impact on marine fauna and flora. In 1992, after 14 years of legal proceedings, the Amoco oil company was ordered to pay 160 million euros to the French state and 35 million euros to local victims.

Question 55

According to the European Commission, which disaster risk are Europeans most concerned about?

A. Nuclear accidents
B. Human health-related risks
C. Drought
D. Cyber threats

Answer 55

According to a recent Eurobarometer survey published by the European Commission, Europeans feel most exposed to risks linked to the impact of climate change, as well as security and social risks. While the survey indicates a general concern about climate change impacts, it does not specify which particular risk—such as drought—is of greatest concern. Therefore, based on the available information, it’s not possible to definitively determine which specific disaster risk Europeans are most concerned about among the options provided.https://civil-protection-humanitarian-aid.ec.europa.eu/news-stories/news/europeans-believe-they-need-more-information-prepare-emergencies-recent-eurobarometer-survey-shows-2024-09-30_en?utm_source=chatgpt.com

Question 56

Until when were EU Member States called upon to fulfill their “military mobility pledge” of 2018, as stated in the Foreign Affairs Council Conclusions?

A. 2019
B. 2023
C. 2024
D. 2030

Answer 56

Correct answer C 2024: The Military Mobility Pledge is a commitment made by EU Member States to enhance the efficiency and speed of military movements across Europe. This initiative was introduced in 2018 as part of broader efforts to strengthen the EU’s defense and security capabilities. It is a key element of the EU’s Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) essential for ensuring rapid deployment of military personnel, equipment, and assets in response to crises, conflicts, or security threats. Key Objectives of the Military Mobility Pledge: a) faster Movement of Troops and Equipment (through reducing bureaucratic and logistical obstacles); b) Infrastructure Adaptation: It involves upgrading transport infrastructure to support the movement of heavy military equipment. c) Simplified Border Procedures: thru harmonizing customs and border-crossing rules. d) Enhanced Cooperation with NATO: Since NATO relies on the EU’s transport infrastructure for its own operations, the pledge strengthens the EU-NATO relationship and ensures closer coordination; d). Cyber and Digital Aspects for military mobility to support real-time tracking and movement planning. While there has been notable progress in certain areas (like infrastructure funding and NATO-EU coordination), the 2024 goal for full implementation is unlikely to be met. Delays are due to financial, regulatory, and logistical barriers that have proven harder to overcome than initially expected. Further political pressure and funding increases will be necessary to fully implement the pledge. Correct Answer: C) 2024

Question 57

For what type of assistance has the EU Civil Protection Mechanism been activated the most?
A. Consular support
B. Medical
C. Forest fire
D. Floods

Answer 57

B: Medical. The EU civil protection mechanism was activated 260 times between 2020 and 2022 due to the COVID-19 health emergency – the highest number of activations in the history of the mechanism. The assistance provided included:
a) donations of protective equipment such as masks, gloves, overalls and goggles
medical teams and medical equipment; b) vaccines, c) cross-border treatment of patients; d) bringing stranded EU citizens home. Forest fires was the second most frequent cause to activate the EU Civil Protection Mechanism (UCPM) - 114 times for forest fires between 2020 and 2022, according to official data from the Council of the European Union.

Question 58

What is digital skimming?

A. Combination of romance scam and investment fraud
B. Illegally accessing a victim’s online account
C. Hijacking of digital payment systems to steal customer’s data
D. Disguising a communication from an unknown source as being from a known, trusted one

Answer 58

Correct answer is C)
Digital skimming (also known as web skimming or e-skimming) is a type of cybercrime where hackers infiltrate the online payment systems of e-commerce websites. Their goal is to steal sensitive customer information, such as credit card details, payment data, and personal information, as it is being entered during an online transaction. One of Europol’s most notable successes was its participation in Operation Night Fury, which targeted the infamous Magecart Group responsible for large-scale skimming attacks on global e-commerce websites. The operation resulted in the dismantling of the group’s infrastructure, seizure of servers, and arrests of key suspects.

Question 59

Who chairs the meeting of the Political and Security Committee (PSC)?

A, Presidency of the European Council
B. EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs
C. EEAS Representative
D. Rotating Presidency among PSC Ambassadors

Answer 59

Correct Answer: C) EEAS Representative - currently Delphine Pronk

Explanation: The Political and Security Committee (PSC) is a permanent body responsible for monitoring and managing the EU’s Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). The PSC meetings are chaired by a representative from the European External Action Service (EEAS), not by the rotating Council Presidency or individual ambassadors from Member States. This reflects the role of the EEAS in ensuring continuity and strategic alignment in EU foreign and security policy.

Question 60

What is the EU Critical Infrastructure Blueprint and when it can be applied?

A. ‘When the incident has a significant disruptive effect in at least one Member States
B. When the incident has a significant disruptive effect on or in three or more Member States
C. When the incident has a significant disruptive effect on or in six or more Member States
D. When the incident has a significant disruptive effect on or in ten or more Member States

Answer 60

Council recommendation on a Blueprint was adopted on 17/6/2024. It aims to coordinate a response at EU level to disruptions to critical infrastructure with significant cross-border relevance. According to the recommendation, a critical infrastructure incident with significant cross-border relevance takes place when an incident involving critical infrastructure:

a) significantly disrupts the provision of essential services, as assessed by six or more affected member states;
b) has a significant disruptive effect on the provision of essential services by a critical entity of particular European significance
c). significantly disrupts the provision of essential services to or in two or more member states and requires, in agreement with the affected countries, a response at EU level