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Biol 371 > GOPH > Flashcards

GOPH Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between a natural event and a natural disaster?

A

Natural events will always occur, when there is loss of life or economic wealth it becomes a disaster

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2
Q

What is the general trend of deaths caused by natural disasters?

A

Deaths are increasing

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3
Q

What is the trend of geological natural disasters?

A

remaining constant

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4
Q

What is the trend of weather related ND?

A

Increasing

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5
Q

What two factors increase vulnerability?

A

Poverty and Social behaviour

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6
Q

Why does poverty increase vulnerability?

A
  • unable to invest in long term solutions

- not equipped with proper response infrastructure

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7
Q

What was the deadliest disaster?

A

The cyclone in Bangladesh on Nov 14, 1970

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8
Q

What was the most costly disaster?

A

Hurricane Katrina on Aug 29, 2005

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9
Q

What are the four steps in emergency management?

A
  1. Response
  2. Recovery
  3. Mitigation
  4. Preparedness
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10
Q

Explain mitigation

A

activities reducing risk

ex. not building in flood plains

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11
Q

Explain preparedness

A

steps taken to plan for disasters

ex. escape roots

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12
Q

What are the Earth’s density layers? (inside-out)

A

Core
Mantle
Crust

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13
Q

What are the Earth’s strength layers? (inside-out)

A 
Inner core
Outer Core
Mesosphere
Asthenosphere
Lithosphere
Hydrosphere
Atmosphere
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14
Q

What is a plutonic rock?

A

Igneous rock that cools at depth

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15
Q

When is the greatest range of tides?

A

At new and full moons

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16
Q

When is the smallest daily range of tides?

A

At third and quarter moons

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17
Q

How many people died in the 2010 Haiti earthquake?

A

230,000

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18
Q

How many people died in the 2010 Chile earthquake?

A

562

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19
Q

How is vulnerability and risk connected?

A

Risk=Vulnerability x hazard

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20
Q

What is isostasy?

A

The buoyancy principle to the low-density continents that float on the denser mantle below

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21
Q

Describe the Coriolis effect.

A

The tendency of moving objects on the surface of the Earth to be deflected due to the Earth’s rotation

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22
Q

What is unifromitarianism?

A

the concept that the same laws and processes operating on Earth throughout time are the same laws operating today

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23
Q

What is actualism

A

the concept of using the processes operating today to interpret the past

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24
Q

What are the 2 sources of Earth’s internal heat?

A
  1. Primordial- gravitational pull

2. Radioactivity- the decay of U, Th and K

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25
Q

What are the three plate boundary types and their forces?

A
  1. Divergent - Tension
  2. Convergent - Compression
  3. Transform - Shear
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26
Q

Which boundary type leads to the greatest earthquakes?

A

Subduction zone ie: convergents

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27
Q

The zone of the earth that is divided into plates is the_______.

A

Lithosphere

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28
Q

Earth’s lithosphere is ______.

A

Recycling and broken into pieces like a broken eggshell.

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29
Q

What is Bathymetry?

A

mapping ocean depths

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30
Q

What are the two biggest killers?

A

Earthquakes and hurricanes

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31
Q

What are the 4 types of waves made by earthquakes?

A

P waves (compression)
S waves (shear)
Rayleigh
love

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32
Q

What are body waves?

A

They are waves that can travel through the body of the planet

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33
Q

Name the two surface waves.

A

Love

Rayleight

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34
Q

Can shear waves go through liquid?

A

No

35
Q

What energy is stored and later released during an earthquake?

A

Stores energy through elastic deformation of rocks

36
Q

What boundary is associated with transform faults?

A

Strike slip

37
Q

What boundary is associated with subduction zones?

A

Reverse and thrust

38
Q

What do normal faults cause?

A

Spreading and rifting

39
Q

Which type of wave travels the fastest?

A

P waves

40
Q

What type of wave does the most amount of damage?

A

S waves

41
Q

What do earthquakes cause? (4)

A
  • Ground shaking
  • Liquefaction
  • Rupturing
  • Secondary
42
Q

What does resonance cause?

A

Over time it has the ability to amplify movements

43
Q

When was the earthquake of the San Anreas fault?

A

1989

44
Q

How is the Richter scale defined?

A

It is a log scale of the moment magnatude

45
Q

What is the Mercalli scale based on?

A

Peoples accounts of what occured

46
Q

What is directivity?

A

When a rupture moves along a fault line at the same speed of the wave to intensify a pulse of energy

47
Q

Give an example of directivity.

A

LA was on an unknown fault

48
Q

What are the 5 ways to strengthen buildings against earthquakes?

A
  1. Brace it
  2. Infill it
  3. Frame it
  4. Buttress it
  5. Isolate it
49
Q

What are ways to protect yourself during/after an earthquake?

A
  • get under something
  • if inside stay inside, if outside stay outside
  • don’t use open flames
  • check water and gas lines
50
Q

What was the biggest quake in Eastern Canada?

A

Feb. 5, 1963 in Charlevoix, Quebec

51
Q

What was the biggest quake in Western Canada?

A

Jan 26, 1700 in BC caused by the Cascadia subduction

52
Q

What causes earthquakes in Eastern Canada?

A

Suture zone called Logan’s line

53
Q

What is occurring when there is uplift?

A

They are locked and storing up energy by deforming the rocks

54
Q

How is it we know the exact date and time for the quake on Jan 26 1700?

A
  • word of mouth
  • soil layers with sand
  • tsunami in Japan
  • year due to dead tree rings
55
Q

What is a tsunami?

A

Long period, fast moving waves that mobilize entire water columns

56
Q

What are typical causes of tsunamis?

A
  • subduction zone earthquake
  • volcanic eruptions
  • landslides
  • asteroid and comet impacts
57
Q

Where and when was the tsunami in Portugal?

A

1755 in Lisbon

58
Q

What happens to the velocity of a wave when it moves into shallow area?

A

The velocity decreases

59
Q

What factors influence the how big a tsunami wave is?

A
  • Shape of coast
  • Bathymetry (shape of sea floor)
  • direction of wave approach
  • topography of the land
60
Q

Why did people die in the 1964 tsunami that hit Crescent city, CA?

A

People returned to their property too soon and the 5th wave took them out

61
Q

When was the tsunami in Port Alberni BC?

A

March 27-29, 1964 sent from Alaska

62
Q

What caused the boxing day tsunami?

A

Dec 26, 2004 the Indian-Australian plate slipped

63
Q

Why did Sri Lanka have waves on both sides?

A

Because the island is smaller that the wavelength

64
Q

When did the tsunami occur in Newfoundland?

A

1929 Gran banks

65
Q

Where do we find most volcanoes?

A

Around subduction zones and spreading zones

66
Q

Which type of boundary causes the largest amount of magma?

A

Spreading zones

67
Q

How long do hotspots live?

A

1.5-2 million years

68
Q

What are the two events during eruption that cause deaths?

A

Pyroclastic flow and lahars

69
Q

What are the two ways that molten rock forms?

A
  1. Pressure relief melt

2. Fluxing

70
Q

What three factors affect eruption type?

A
  1. Volume
  2. Viscosity
  3. Volatile
71
Q

What it the most dangerous type of magma?

A

Rhyolite

72
Q

How does SiO2 affect magma?

A

It acts as a flux thereby decreasing the melting temperature

73
Q

What does volatile mean?

A

The high gas content when it comes to the surface is released rapidly and expands quickly causing rock and ash to blow everywhere

74
Q

Where do we see rhyolite and andesite?

A

At subduction zones

75
Q

Where do we see basalt?

A

At spreading centers

76
Q

What are some examples of volcanoes that had pyroclastic flows?

A

Mt. Pelee, Mt. Augustine, Mt. Vesuvis

77
Q

What is a caldera?

A

When a volcano does not fully erupt but rather creates tunnels to the surface to release the pressure. The land between the tunnels collapse creating lakes with the volcano still beneath it. This is known as a fissure eruption

78
Q

Give an example of a caldera.

A

Long Valley Caldera

79
Q

What was the date of the Krakatoa eruption?

A

Aug 27, 1983 sending tsunami onto Jakarta

80
Q

What volcano had the largest pyroclastic flows?

A

Mt. Pelee in Martinique in the Carribean on May 8, 1902

81
Q

Which volcano had the largest lahars?

A

Nevado del Ruiz in 1985 due to melting of the glaciers

82
Q

What occurred at Lake Nyos, Cameroon?

A

Build of CO2 under the lake was released all at once, flowing down the volcano killing 1700 people and 6000 cattle

83
Q

What are the four ways to predict a volcanic eruption?

A
  1. Ground swelling
  2. Seismicity
  3. Outgassing
  4. Change in springs

Biol 371 (6 decks)

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