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Biol 371 > GLGY > Flashcards

GLGY Flashcards

1
Q

A bone fragment, which was collected from a layer with an age of 55 million years is considered _____ .

A

A fossil

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2
Q

The representative of this kingdom consist of single celled organisms with well defined nucleus within the cytoplasm.

A

Protista

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3
Q

Oldest fossil on Earth belongs to this kingdom

A

Bacteria

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4
Q

Most diverse metabolic strategies are known in the representative of this kingdom

A

Bacteria

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5
Q

The fossils of organisms that present a notochord are studies within this branch of palenotology

A

Vertebrate paleontology

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6
Q

Most of the fossils in metamorphic rocks occur in

A

Slate

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7
Q

The main condition for an organism to fossilize is…

A

rapid burial

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8
Q

A bivalve fragment consisting of pyrite was formed through this process of fossilization.

A

Replacement

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9
Q

Fossils preserved through carbonization consist of a film of this material

A

Graphite

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10
Q

Dehydration is also known as.

A

Mummification

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11
Q

____ is the fundamental level of organization of the living world in the Linnean classification.

A

Species

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12
Q

______ is the species name in Pleuropora fructicosa metameris.

A

fructicosa metameris

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13
Q

_____ is the youngest eon in the Earth’s history.

A

Phanerozoic

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14
Q

The youngest period of the Mesozoic era is _____.

A

Cretaceous

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15
Q

The oldest fossils on Earth are known from rocks assigned to this eon.

A

Archean

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16
Q

The most severe crisis in the history of life corresponds to the boundary between these periods (in stratigraphical order)

A

Permian/Triassic

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17
Q

Stromatolites consist of the representatives of this kingdom.

A

Bacteria

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18
Q

_____ is the larges component of diatom frustule.

A

Epitheca

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19
Q

Diatom frustule is of ______ nature.

A

Siliceous

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20
Q

Coccolithophorids live in these environments.

A

Marine waters

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21
Q

What does a foraminifer look like?

A

A flower. Petals layering upwards.

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22
Q

Radiolarian habitat is best described and _____ and _____.

A

Marine, planktic

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23
Q

This group of plants dominated the floral assemblages during most of the Mesozoic.

A

Gymnosperms

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24
Q

Organic substance frequently associated with the siliceous spicules.

A

Spongin

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25
Q

Modern corals are included in this group.

A

Hexacorals

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26
Q

______ are the colonial representatives of the lophophorates.

A

Bryozoans

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27
Q

What do you think lophophorates made?

A

Pearls

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28
Q

Group of molluscs with endoskeleton

A

Belemnites

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29
Q

Molluscs that have the shell consisting of one uncoiled piece

A

Monoplacophorans

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30
Q

The most primitive cephalopod shells were

A

Straight

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31
Q

Group of arthropods that became extinct at the Permian/Triassic boundary

A

Trilobites

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32
Q

Arthropod group that is considered one of the first “conquerors of land” in the late Silurian

A

Chelicerates

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33
Q

The earliest representatives of the echinoderm group had this kind of symmetry.

A

They were completely assymmetrical

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34
Q

_____ are the dominant echinoderms in the Mesozoic and the Cenozoic

A

Sea urchins

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35
Q

How many types of symmetry does an irregular sea urchin have?

A

2

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36
Q

Graptolite colony is referred to as ____.

A

Rhabdosome

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37
Q

Morphological variability as the result of organism growth from the juvenile to gerontic stages are known as _____.

A

Ontogenetic variability

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38
Q

This growth strategy that is characterized by the continuity in development of the skeletal parts.

A

Accretion

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39
Q

Sexual dimorphism is a case of _____.

A

Genetic variability

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40
Q

Kind of morphology variability induced primarily by ecological factors.

A

Nongenetic variability

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41
Q

This specimen is designated as the species name bearer by the scientist that discovered and named a species

A

Holotype

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42
Q

______ is a specimen collected much later from the same locality from which the holotype and paratypes were designated

A

Topotype

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43
Q

The most significant evolutionary achievement in the evolution from prokaryotes to eukaryotes is the _____.

A

Evolution of sexual reproduction

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44
Q

A species with a lifespan of circa one million years documents this tempo of evolution, according to the classification of GG Simpson

A

Tachytely

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45
Q

This concept of species is extensively used in paleontology

A

Morphospecies

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46
Q

Classification system in which the species are not considered objective natural entities but creations of the mind

A

Nominalism

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47
Q

Extremophiles are included within this domain of life

A

Archaea

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48
Q

The early atmosphere of Earth had a _____ character.

A

Reducing

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49
Q

The existence of oceans in the early history of the Earth ( aprrox 4.4 bya) is demonstrated witht he aid of this mineral

A

Zircon

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50
Q

Proteins are the final products of the polymerization of the

A

amino acids

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51
Q

The polymer cellulose is formed through the repetition of this organic monomer

A

Glucose

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52
Q

The oldest body fossils on Earth are known from this lithostraphic unit from Australia

A

Apex chert

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53
Q

The Isua formation crops out in____

A

Greenland

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54
Q

Living stromatolites were first discovered in _____

A

Shark bay

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55
Q

Precambrian stromatolites had a patchy distribution in the

A

Mesoarchean

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56
Q

The oldest well-documented stromatolites are known from this lithostratigraphic unit

A

Fig tree formation

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57
Q

Photosynthetic bacteria and cyanobacteria occur in this layer of a stromatolite

A

Growth surface

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58
Q

Stomatolites achieved global distribution in the _____.

A

Neoarchean

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59
Q

Stromatolite development resulted in the release in the Earth’s atmosphere of vast amounts of this gas

A

Oxygen

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60
Q

The maximum development of the Banded Iron Formation is recorded in the

A

Proximity of the Archean/Proterozoic boundary

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61
Q

Formation of the banded iron formations is associated with ____ events.

A

Volcanic

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62
Q

_____ is the oldest reg alga in the fossil record

A

Bangiomorpha

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63
Q

The earliest known organism with animal like metabolism.

A

Melanocyrillium

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64
Q

Ediacaran organisms belong to this kingdom of life.

A

Animalia

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65
Q

This Ediacaran organism demonstrates the process of cephalization

A

Spriggina

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66
Q

Which Ediacaran organism is interpreted as the ancestor of the molluscs

A

Kimberella

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67
Q

Ediacaran organisms are preserved as

A

Impressions

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68
Q

Ediacaran organism with trilateral symmetry

A

Tribrachidium

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69
Q

This Ediacaran presents an internal cavity

A

Kimberella

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70
Q

The earliest exoskeleton is demonstrated in the case of this fossil organism

A

Cloudina

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71
Q

The Precambrian/Cambrian boundary is defined at the first occurrence of this trace fossil

A

Trichophycus

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72
Q

This fossil of the Tommatian fauna demonstrates the development of a siphon

A

Yochelcinoella

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73
Q

The space between the inner and outer walls of an archaeocyathid is known as _____.

A

Intervallum

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74
Q

_____ was the earliest large sized global predator on Earth

A

Anomalocaris

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75
Q

Fossil of the Chengjian province, which demonstrates the evolution of a vertebral column.

A

Myllokunmingia

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76
Q

What is the name of the living cephalopod?

A

Nautilis

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77
Q

Where does Nautilis live?

A

Seasoned oceans

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78
Q

How do Nautilis move in depth in water?

A

By holding air in chambers

79
Q

When did cephalopods emerge in the fossil record?

A

Late cambrian

80
Q

When did cephalopod start to decline?

A

Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary - only nautiloid species survived

81
Q

What is special about the genus Argonauta?

A

Calcitic structure produced by octopi to protect eggs.

82
Q

When did Nautiloid that resemble modern species evolve?

A

Late Ordovician

83
Q

Describe the shells of the first nautiloids.

A
  • Straight

- central siphon

84
Q

What is the species name of the earliest nautiloid?

A

Orthoceras

85
Q

What evolved from orthoceras?

A

Actinoceras and Endoceras

86
Q

What was unique about actinoceras?

A
  • large nautiloid
  • eccentric siphon
  • began filling chambers with calcite making it heavy
87
Q

What time period did the Actinoceras live?

A

Ordovician and extinct in late Carboniferous

88
Q

What did orthoceratid evolve to in the early Devonian?

A

Bactritoids

89
Q

What is distinctive of the Bactritoid groups?

A
  • small, slender shells
  • eccentric siphon, adjacent to the outer wall
  • most other cephalopods evolved from them
90
Q

What was the first group to evolve form the Bacteroids?

A

Goniatites (from Ammonoids)

91
Q

When did the Goniatites evolve?

A

Upper Devonian-Permian

92
Q

What is unique about the Goniatites?

A

-suture line is lobed like gothic arch

93
Q

When did Ceratites evolve?

A

Upper Permian/Triassic

94
Q

What is unique about the Ceratites?

A
  • rounded “ceratic” lobes

- used in Triasic biostratigraphy

95
Q

What is unique about the Ammonites?

A

-small lobes

96
Q

When did the Ammonites dominate?

A

Jurassic and Cretaceous

97
Q

What are Baculites?

A
  • uncoiled ammonoid (straight)
  • late cretaceous
  • used in Alberta
  • demonstrates process of uncoiling
98
Q

What looks like a bunch of sheep horns?

A

Nipponites

99
Q

What is unique about Nipponites

A
  • complete uncoiling in irregular

- late Cretaceous

100
Q

When did Belemnites evolve?

A

Late Paleozoic (Permian - from Bactritoids)

101
Q

What is unique about Belemnites?

A
  • endoskeleton

- ancestor to squids and octopi

102
Q

What was the oldest chordate?

A

Pikaia

103
Q

What was unique about Pikaia?

A
  • middle Cambrian
  • burgess shale
  • notochord
104
Q

What was unique about Lykokunmingia

A
  • early Cambrian
  • found in China
  • vertebral column but lacks skull/jaw
105
Q

When did Conodonts first appear?

A

Upper Cambrian

106
Q

What are the conodonts made from?

A

Calcium phosphate (apatite) and organic matter

107
Q

What is unique about the conodonts?

A

evidence of complex chewing

108
Q

When did the conodonts become extinct?

A

Triassic/Jurassic boundary

109
Q

Who were the early Ordovician agnathans?

A

Sacabambaspis

110
Q

What is unique about sacabambaspis?

A
  • earliest true vertebrates
  • head protected by bony plates
  • only found in western hemisphere
111
Q

Describe the Astraspis

A
  • has scales

- western hemisphere only

112
Q

Describe Lasanius

A

-oldest member of the agnathan group

113
Q

Describe Jamoythyus

A
  • marine habitat

- Silurian agnathan

114
Q

What is unique about Ostracoderms?

A

-strong cephalic shield

115
Q

What is unique about Lanarkia

A

Has dorsal ventral compressed body

adaptation to life on sea bottom

116
Q

What two groups evolved from the Placoderms

A
  • Arthrodires

- Antiarchs

117
Q

Describe Arthrodires

A

predators of large dimensions

118
Q

Describe Antiarchs

A

Mud-grubbers just like their ostracoderm ancestors

119
Q

What Arthrodires was a predator during the late Paleozoic?

A

Dunkleosteus

120
Q

Which species of Antiarchs first showed paired fins?

A

Coccosteus

121
Q

What was the name of the ancient shark that lived during the Devonian

A

Cladoselache

122
Q

What are the Crossopterygians?

A

Lobed finned fishes that gave birth to the land vertebrates

123
Q

When did the Crossopterygians evolve?

A

Lower Devonian

124
Q

What is the name of the fish that is still living today between Africa and Madagascar?

A

The Coelacanth: Latimeria

125
Q

What are the names of the 2 first land species?

A

Ichthyostega and Acanthostega

126
Q

What are the characteristics of the first land vertebrates?

A
  • Late Devonian
  • still had fish characterizations like internal gills, delicate vertebra
  • back limbs had more than five toes
127
Q

What are stem tetrapods?

A

They are tetrapods that did not lead to either the amphibia or amniota groups

128
Q

What are considered amniota?

A

Birds reptiles and mammals

129
Q

What are Lisamphibians?

A

Smooth amphibians. Which include newts, salamanders, frogs etc

130
Q

When did the Lisamphibians first appear?

A

Late Permian-Triassic

131
Q

Which of the first two land species was better adapted for land?

A

Ichthyostega

132
Q

How are the ribs of the Acanthostega shaped?

A

Like that of fish

133
Q

Who was the first tetrapod to have 5 toes?

A

Pederpes

Early Carboniferous in Scotland

134
Q

What are the two groups of tetrapods from the late Paleozoic?

A

Anthracosaurians and Temnospondyls

135
Q

What gave rise to the amniotes?

A

Anthracosaurians

136
Q

What gave rise to the Lisamphibians?

A

Temnospondyls (ancestors to modern amphibians)

137
Q

Temnospondyls were a very diverse group, what are two species from this group?

A

Eryops and Cacops

138
Q

What does Eryops resemble?

A

Similar to a crocodile with a long tail.

139
Q

What does Cacops resemble?

A

Similar to a frog but was completely adapted to terrestrial life.

140
Q

What are the features of Anthracosaurs?

A
  • advanced amphibians
  • crocodile like fisheaters
  • jaws designed for slamming shut
  • long slender bodies
141
Q

What is unique about Seymouria?

A

-Fully adapted to terrestrial life. Thought to be a reptile but lacking chest bone so considered an amphibian

142
Q

What is the name of the early amniote of the late Caboniferous?

A

Hylonomus

143
Q

What three groups evolved in the late Carboniferous (holes)?

A

Anapsids, Diapsids, and synapsids

144
Q

What are anapsids?

A

Tetrapods because they contain no holes behind the eye sockets

145
Q

What are synadsids?

A

Single hole behind the eye. Became dominant during the late Paleozoic.

146
Q

What are diapsids?

A

Two holes behind the eye sockets. Took over the Triassic. All reptiles of the Mesozoic are diapsids

147
Q

What are the two groups of dominant pelycosaurs and how are they similar?

A

Dimetrodon and edaphosaurus, both have back sails

148
Q

What does Dimetrodon and Edaphosaurus eat?

A

Carnivore (first land predator) and herbivore

149
Q

How were pelycosaurs able to live in a wide range of environments?

A

They developed bevhavioural thermoregulation

150
Q

What are therapsids?

A

Mammal like reptiles- bodies were adapted to retain the heat

151
Q

Who was the oldest diapsid?

A

Petrolacosaurus (small sized insectivore)

152
Q

What are the two major groups of diapsids that diversified during the late Permian?

A

Lepidosaurs (lizards and snakes) and Archosaurs (crocodiles)

153
Q

What are the features of Lepidosaurs?

A
  • terrestrial and quadrupedal
  • evolved in early Triassic but not dominant
  • squamates became the snakes and lizards
154
Q

Since the Archosaurs are extremely diverse, what did they give rise to?

A

thecondonts, cocodiliams, pterosaurians and dinosaurs

155
Q

Describe the placodonts

A
  • having hard blunt teeth for crushing

- large iguana like creatures

156
Q

What are the Nothosaurs?

A

Predators who were not fully aquatic

157
Q

What are the Plesiosaurs?

A

Massive bodies with very long neck. Limbs were paddle like in structure

158
Q

What species is known as the fish-lizard that resembles a dolphin?

A

Ichthyosaurs

159
Q

What are the general features of dinosaurs?

A
  • Terrestrial
  • Mesozoic reptiles
  • diapsid
  • evolved from thecodonts
160
Q

What are the two groups of dinosaurs that are grouped by the orientation of the pubis bone?

A

Saurischia and Ornithischia

161
Q

Describe the bones of the Saurischian.

A

The pubis bone in down and forward from the ilium and ischium.

162
Q

Describe the bones of the Ornithischia.

A

The pubis bone is down and back following parallel to the ischium

163
Q

What are the three suborders of the Saurichian dinosaurs?

A

Staurikosauria
Theropoda
Sauropodomorpha

164
Q

What are the five suborders of the Ornithischian dinosaurs?

A 
Ornithopoda
Pachycephalosauria
Stegosauria
Ankylosauria
Ceratopsida
165
Q

Describe Staurikosaurus.

A
  • small
  • bipedal
  • carnivore
166
Q

Who was the first major predator of the dinosaur group during the late Triassic?

A

Herrerasaurus (under the Staurikosauria group)

167
Q

Describe in general the theropods.

A

-carnivores
-variable size
-bipedal
fast runners

168
Q

What is an example of a theropod?

A

Ceratsaurus and Tyrannosaurus

169
Q

Who were the largest animals on Earth?

A

The Sauropodomorphs

170
Q

What are the two herbivorous groups of the Sauropodomorphs?

A

Prosauropoda and Sauropoda

171
Q

What is unique about Platesosaurus (Prosauropoda)?

A

Still resembles carnivorous ancestor but has mixed diet and mixed walking of both bipedal and quadrupedal.

172
Q

Who is the true Sauropoda?

A

Ultrasaurus (looks like Brachiosaurus)

173
Q

What are the general characteristics of the Ornithipoda group?

A
  • mixed walking with stronger hind limbs

- herbivore with specialized dentition

174
Q

What are the two representative of the Ornithopoda group and what defines them?

A

Hadrosaurus - duck billed dinosaur

Corythosaurus - well developed crest

175
Q

What is unique about the Pachycephalosaurs?

A

Thickened skull probable used for battery ram

176
Q

What is unique about the Stegosaurs?

A
  • bony plates on dorsal side called osteoderms
  • quadrupedal
  • Jurassic and early Cretaceous
177
Q

What is unique about the Ankylosaurs?

A
  • Amour on the back embedded in the skin
  • Crestaceous
  • quadrupedal
  • club on end of tail
178
Q

What are the two genera of the Ankylosaurs?

A

Ankylosaurus and Edmontonia

179
Q

What is unique about the Ceratopsians?

A
  • Late Cretaceous
  • quadrupedal
  • herbivores
  • skull protected by a shield
180
Q

What is a genera of the Ceratopsians?

A

Triceratops

181
Q

What defines the Pterosauria?

A
  • Evolved flight many times over in the late Triassic (ie polyphyletic)
  • hollow bones
  • fur
  • diet determined from dentition
182
Q

What genera belong to the Pterosauria?

A

Tropeognathus and Pteranodon

183
Q

What is unique about Tropognathus?

A
  • Cretaceous

- 2 portions of the beak make sculpture

184
Q

What is unique about the Pteranodon?

A

Could fly over the Atlantic

185
Q

When did the birds evolve?

A

Late Jurassic

186
Q

What was the name of the first bird and where was it found?

A

Archaeopteryx found in zolenofen limestone of Germany

-now has feathers instead of fur

187
Q

When did Protarchaeopteryx evolve?

A

Lower Cretaceous of China

188
Q

What is unique about Iberomesornis?

A

Capable of active flight

  • similar size and shape of pigeons
  • found in Spain
189
Q

What is the Arboreal hypothesis?

A

That flight evolved from gliders

190
Q

What is the Cursorial hypothesis?

A

That flight evolved from runners who flapped only slightly to avoid items on the ground

191
Q

What are the closest relatives to the living birds?

A

Hesperornis from the late Cretaceous

192
Q

What are the transitions to birds?

A
  • loss of teeth
  • evolution of pygostyle (used for mating and tail)
  • toe arrangement
  • pneumatic bones (completely empty)
193
Q

What is unique about Endoceras?

A

Major predators in Ordovician and early Silurian

194
Q

When did Ammonoids evolve?

A

early Devonian, extinct at Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary

Biol 371 (6 decks)

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