Gonzalez #2 Flashcards
When González speaks of the “Vandals” to whom is he referring?
Arians who persecuted orthodox Christians
Which individuals did González say that the Romans referred to as the “Barbarians”?
The Germanic peoples who lived beyond the Danube and the Rhine
Who were the “Visigoths”?
The main Germanic people to settle in Spain; established their capital in Toledo; they too were Arians, and some of their kings persecuted the Orthodox or Catholic Christians
Who were the “Franks”?
The main group to settle in Gaul (which is why the area is now known as France); initially pagan but largely Christianized in 496
In what part of the world did the “Angles” and the “Saxons” settle?
Settled in Romanized portion of Great Britain (toward the north, in what now is Scotland)
When was the last Roman Emperor deposed?
The last Roman emperor was deposed in 476 by King Odoacre of the Heruli
According to González, why did feudalism begin?
Partly due to the advance of Islam, the European economy turned inward upon itself. Trade declined. Money practically disappeared. The only source and expression of wealth was now land. This gave rise to the feudal system, in which instead of kingdoms or other large states the land was now divided among “lords” who received it from others, and in turn distributed it among their vassals
Who was the “forerunner to the mendicant orders”?
Peter Waldo
Because the Early Middle Ages were a time of pain, death, and disorder, Christian worship
changed its focus from what to what?
Instead of centering on the victory of the Lord and on his resurrection, [Christian worship] began to be concerned more and more over death, sin, and repentance. Therefore communion, which until then had been a celebration, became a funeral service, in which one was to think more on one’s own sins than on the victory of the Lord
Who, according to González, were the driving force behind the 10th and 11th century moral
reform of the church?
The monastic ideal of reform had taken possession of many in the church, and even in the papacy . . . Eventually those monastics who longed for a reformation came to take hold of the papacy, which gave rise to a series of reformist popes. It was Leo IX (1049-1054) who initiated this reformation
The theology of the High Point of the Middle Ages and the Late Middle Ages was known
as what?
Scholastic Theology
Who does González refer to as the “towering figure of early Western monasticism”?
Saint Benedict founded the community of Monte Casino, and in 529 gave it a Rule (physical labor, vows of obedience, chastity, poverty, and stability) which would set the course of Western monasticism for centuries to come
Know what González teaches about the evolution of the title “pope.”
The title of “pope” has undergone a long evolution, and therefore it is impossible to say exactly who was the first “pope.” (The word “papa” was a term both of endearment and respect, and in earlier times was applied to any bishop who deserved particular respect . . . When the bishops of Rome began receiving that title, it was still being used for other bishops)
According to González, the Christians accused what group of people for causing the 14th century European plague?
Jews
Which Pope stopped the advance of Attila the Hun, “practically at the gates of Rome”?
Leo the Great (pope from 440-461)
In which century did Mohammed begin his “religious career”?
Mohammed began his religious career approximately in the year 610
During the Early Middle Ages, which side of the Church – East or West – was the most
theologically active?
Since there was much more theological activity in the East than in the West, it was there that several controversies took place
When González refers to the “Barbarians” he is speaking of what group of people?
The Germanic peoples who lived beyond the Danube and the Rhine
In 431 the third ecumenical council (Ephesus) condemned what heresy?
It condemned the position of Nestorius, who was said to claim that in Christ there are two natures and two persons, one divine and one human
In 451 the fourth ecumenical council (Chalcedon) condemned what heresy?
Condemned Monophysism–the doctrine that in Christ there is only a divine nature, for the human is absorbed into divinity
In 553 the fifth ecumenical council (Constantinople II) condemned the writings of three
people associated with what heretical group?
Condemned the writings of three authors that some called “Nestorian”
In 680-681 the sixth ecumenical council (Constantinople III) condemned what heresy?
Condemned “Monothelism,” according to which there is in Christ only one will, although there are two natures united in a single person
In 787 the seventh ecumenical council (Nicea II) dealt with what issue?
Declared that worship in the strict sense is due only to God, but that holy images or icons are worthy of veneration
According to González, which side of the Church was “more theologically active”?
East
According to González, the Crusades had a number of different causes. What were the
causes he lists?
Recover the Holy Land (particularly the Holy Sepulcher)
Pilgrimage to the holy places of Palestine
Gain the remission of suffering in Purgatory that was promised the crusaders
Also feudal nobility from fighting each other.
What did the Nestorians believe?
Nestorius claimed that in Christ there are two natures and two persons, one divine and one human (45). The “Nestorians” rejected the decisions of the Council of Ephesus
What did the Monophysites believe?
Monophysism–the doctrine that in Christ there is only a divine nature, for the human is absorbed into divinity
What group today are known as the “Jacobites”?
Syrians who rejected the Council of Chalcedon (4th ecunemical council) and were dubbed “Monophysites”
What caused a strong anti–papal sentiment in England, as well as among its allies?
War with France and French popes
Who came up with the “ontological argument” for the existence of God?
Anselm of Canterbury
According to González, Innocent III called the Fourth Lateran Council (AD 1215), which
promulgated the doctrine of transubstantiation. What other matters did the Fourth Lateran
Council offer an “official” position (or declaration) on?
Rules about Jews, confession, Muslims, Waldensians, and the Inquisition.
The AD 732 battle of Tours or Poitiers stopped the advance of what?
It was the Franks who stopped the advance of Islam into Europe at the Battle of Tours or Poitiers
According to González, during the Protestant Reformation, those who simply didn’t want
to be bothered with the church or its ecclesiastical structure – which some saw as incapable
of reformation – instead threw themselves into what alternative movement?
Mysticism
Thanks to the support of what group, the Papacy no longer needed the Byzantine Empire?
Thanks to the support of the Franks, the papacy no longer needed the Byzantine Empire, which in any case had lost most of its power
According to González, the “Babylonian Captivity” of the church refers to what?
When the popes resided in Avignon
What was the name of the Cardinal that the Pope sent to Constantinople in order to
excommunicate the Eastern side of the Church, supposedly for their rejection of the filioque?
Cardinal Humbert . . . declared that the Patriarch of Constantinople was a heretic, and broke communion with him as well as with the entire church that he represented
During which era of Church history (e.g., The Ancient Church, the Christian Empire, the
Early Middle Ages, the High Point of the Middle Ages, the Late Middle Ages, etc.) did
clerical celibacy become mandatory?
High Point of the Middle Ages
According to González, who are the “Franks” and what does he tell us about them?
The main group to settle in Gaul (which is why the area is now known as France); initially pagan but largely Christianized in 496
According to González, a number of factors helped to bring to pass the “clear and rapid”
decline of the Papacy. Know all the factors González mentions.
Papacy under French control, nationalism, French/English conflict, great western schism
According to González, which of the Ecumenical Councils debated (or sought to resolve)
Christological issues within the church?
2nd through 6th
During the eleventh century a conflict broke out between Pope Gregory VII and Emperor
Henry IV over what?
The matter of “investitures”–that is, who had the right to appoint and install bishops and other prelates
González places the beginning of the crusades at what year?
1095
Who proclaimed the first crusade, and who were the primary participants?
Proclaimed by Urban II. Its great preacher was Peter the Hermit, who led a first wave of crusaders usually known as the “popular crusade”–mostly peasants and other poverty-stricken people who packed their belongings and set out for the Holy Land with little planning or forethought. There followed several military contingents, each along its own path and with its own leaders
What provoked the calling of the second crusade?
Proclaimed when the Turks took the city of Edessa in 1144
What provoked the launching of the third crusade?
Launched in response to the new of the fall of Jerusalem (1187)
What did the fifteenth century Council of Pisa attempt, accomplish, and actually cause?
Claimed both existing popes were deposed and named a third
The fourth crusade is described by González as a “disaster” because of what?
Instead of attacking Muslims, took and sacked Christian city of Constantinople
What country brought the writings of Aristotle to the attention of Christianity?
Spain
What events in Christian history somewhat inadvertently gave rise to the bourgeoisie?
Because of Crusades, commerce flourished and cities became centers of trade.
Scholastic theology reached its high point in writings/teachings of two theologians. What
were their names?
Thomas Aquinas and Bonaventure
Who were the “Latin Averroists”?
Those who accepted all that Aristotle taught, even beyond the bounds of orthodoxy
During the High Point of the Middle Ages, who was the Pope that was the personification
of prestige and power?
Pope Innocent III
During the Late Middle Ages what became an obstacle to the unity of the Church?
Nationalism
What Saint called for the Church to leave France and return to Rome?
Catherine of Siena
What was one of the major differences between the Popes of the Renaissance and their
predecessors in that office?
They lived to enjoy life and its beauty (opposite of monasticism). They needed resources for this; thus, corruption.
