Gonzalez #2 Flashcards
When González speaks of the “Vandals” to whom is he referring?
Arians who persecuted orthodox Christians
Which individuals did González say that the Romans referred to as the “Barbarians”?
The Germanic peoples who lived beyond the Danube and the Rhine
Who were the “Visigoths”?
The main Germanic people to settle in Spain; established their capital in Toledo; they too were Arians, and some of their kings persecuted the Orthodox or Catholic Christians
Who were the “Franks”?
The main group to settle in Gaul (which is why the area is now known as France); initially pagan but largely Christianized in 496
In what part of the world did the “Angles” and the “Saxons” settle?
Settled in Romanized portion of Great Britain (toward the north, in what now is Scotland)
When was the last Roman Emperor deposed?
The last Roman emperor was deposed in 476 by King Odoacre of the Heruli
According to González, why did feudalism begin?
Partly due to the advance of Islam, the European economy turned inward upon itself. Trade declined. Money practically disappeared. The only source and expression of wealth was now land. This gave rise to the feudal system, in which instead of kingdoms or other large states the land was now divided among “lords” who received it from others, and in turn distributed it among their vassals
Who was the “forerunner to the mendicant orders”?
Peter Waldo
Because the Early Middle Ages were a time of pain, death, and disorder, Christian worship
changed its focus from what to what?
Instead of centering on the victory of the Lord and on his resurrection, [Christian worship] began to be concerned more and more over death, sin, and repentance. Therefore communion, which until then had been a celebration, became a funeral service, in which one was to think more on one’s own sins than on the victory of the Lord
Who, according to González, were the driving force behind the 10th and 11th century moral
reform of the church?
The monastic ideal of reform had taken possession of many in the church, and even in the papacy . . . Eventually those monastics who longed for a reformation came to take hold of the papacy, which gave rise to a series of reformist popes. It was Leo IX (1049-1054) who initiated this reformation
The theology of the High Point of the Middle Ages and the Late Middle Ages was known
as what?
Scholastic Theology
Who does González refer to as the “towering figure of early Western monasticism”?
Saint Benedict founded the community of Monte Casino, and in 529 gave it a Rule (physical labor, vows of obedience, chastity, poverty, and stability) which would set the course of Western monasticism for centuries to come
Know what González teaches about the evolution of the title “pope.”
The title of “pope” has undergone a long evolution, and therefore it is impossible to say exactly who was the first “pope.” (The word “papa” was a term both of endearment and respect, and in earlier times was applied to any bishop who deserved particular respect . . . When the bishops of Rome began receiving that title, it was still being used for other bishops)
According to González, the Christians accused what group of people for causing the 14th century European plague?
Jews
Which Pope stopped the advance of Attila the Hun, “practically at the gates of Rome”?
Leo the Great (pope from 440-461)
In which century did Mohammed begin his “religious career”?
Mohammed began his religious career approximately in the year 610
During the Early Middle Ages, which side of the Church – East or West – was the most
theologically active?
Since there was much more theological activity in the East than in the West, it was there that several controversies took place
When González refers to the “Barbarians” he is speaking of what group of people?
The Germanic peoples who lived beyond the Danube and the Rhine
In 431 the third ecumenical council (Ephesus) condemned what heresy?
It condemned the position of Nestorius, who was said to claim that in Christ there are two natures and two persons, one divine and one human
In 451 the fourth ecumenical council (Chalcedon) condemned what heresy?
Condemned Monophysism–the doctrine that in Christ there is only a divine nature, for the human is absorbed into divinity
In 553 the fifth ecumenical council (Constantinople II) condemned the writings of three
people associated with what heretical group?
Condemned the writings of three authors that some called “Nestorian”
In 680-681 the sixth ecumenical council (Constantinople III) condemned what heresy?
Condemned “Monothelism,” according to which there is in Christ only one will, although there are two natures united in a single person
