Goldmann perimetry

Question 1

Is Goldmann perimetry usually kinetic or static?

Answer 1

kinetic (static perimetry is used for the central field)

Question 2

For which 2 types of Goldmann perimetry are skilled operators required?

Answer 2

1. Manual
2. Semi-automated

Question 3

Which 3 groups of patients are Goldmann perimetry useful for and why?

Answer 3

1. neuro-ophthalmic patients
2. those with poor vision or severely restricted VFs
3. those needing significant supervision to produce a VF

Question 4

Which type of Goldmann perimetry is now the only commercially available form with increasing clinical utlility?

Answer 4

semi-automated

Question 5

What type of Goldmann perimeter provides 90 degree full-field projection perimetry (range of 47dB)?

Answer 5

the OCTOPUS 900

Question 6

What are two ways to run the OCTOPUS 900 Goldmann perimeter?

Answer 6

1. automatically (preselected)
2. performed live (visual technician can tailor-test logarithm to patient’s responses)

Question 7

What happens once the peripheral isopters are plotted from Goldmann perimetry?

Answer 7

the central area is examined for scotoma

Question 8

Which part of the VF from Goldmann perimetry is appropriate to pick up early glaucomatous scotomas?

Answer 8

central 20 degrees with an extension to the nasal 30 degrees

Question 9

When are points either side of the vertical meridian explored from Goldmann perimetry?

Answer 9

suspected chiasmal and post-chiasmal disease

Question 10

What stimulus speed should be used for peripheral and central VF isopters using 1-4e and 1-2e targets?

Answer 10

5 degrees/ second

Question 11

What stimulus speed should be used for blind spot mapping and boundaries of visual field loss using 1-4e targets?

Answer 11

3 degrees/ second

Question 12

What size targets should static central testing suprathreshold assessment within the central VF involve?

Answer 12

1-4e target

Question 13

What are isopters?

Answer 13

contours of visual sensitivity (‘a contour line in a representation of the visual field around the points representing the macula that passes through the points of equal visual acuity’)

Question 14

How are the results of Goldmann perimetry interpreted?

Answer 14

automated tests can be comapred to age-matched controls

Question 15

What are 2 commonly plotted isopters in manual and semi-automated VFs?

Answer 15

• 1-4e (0.25mm2, 1000asb stimulus)
• 1-2e (0.25mm2, 100asb stimulus)

Question 16

What indicates the target sizes in the recording of results from Goldmann perimetry?

Answer 16

Roman numerals (0-V), represent target size in square millimetres, each successive number is a 4-fold increase in area

Question 17

What indicates the light intensity in the recording of results from Goldmann perimetry?

Answer 17

Arabic numeral (1-4), each successive number 3.15 times brighter (0.5 log unit steps), measured in apostilb (asb)

Question 18

What is the unit for light intensity in Goldmann perimetry?

Answer 18

apostilb (asb)

Question 19

What indicates the additional minor filters in the recording of results from Goldmann perimetry?

Answer 19

a lowercase letter, progressing from ‘a’ (darkest) to ‘e’ (brightest), each progressive letter is increase of 0.1 log unit

Question 20

What are 10 potential sources of error/artefact in Goldmann perimetry?

Answer 20

1. miosis
2. media opacities
3. uncorrected refractive error
4. rim of trial frame
5. ptsosis
6. dermatochalasis (presence of loose and redundant eyelid skin)
7. incomprehension of test
8. tremor
9. inadequate retinal adaptation
10. fatigue