Glycolysis: Theory Questions from Lecture Notes

Question 1

What are examples of energy sources?

Answer 1

Carbs
Fats
Protein

Question 2

What are examples of metabolic end-products?

Answer 2

CO2
H2O
NH3

Question 3

What are examples of precursor molecules?

Answer 3

Amino acids
Carbs
Fatty acids
Nitrogenous bases

Question 4

What are examples of macromolecules (cell material)?

Answer 4

Proteins
Lipids
Polysaccharides
Nucleic Acids

Question 5

What are examples of energy carries produced through anabolism?

Answer 5

ADP
NAD+
NADP+
FAD+

Question 6

What are examples of energy carries produced through catabolism?

Answer 6

ATP
NADH + H+
NADPH + H+
FADH2

Question 7

_______ is when energy sources are transformed into metabolic end-products.

Answer 7

Catabolism

Question 8

________ is when precursor molecules are transformed into macromolecules (cell material)

Answer 8

Anabolism

Question 9

Glycolysis transforms glucose into ______

Answer 9

Pyruvate

Question 10

What can pyruvate be transformed into under anaerobic conditions?

Answer 10

Lactate or Ethanol

Question 11

What can pyruvate be transformed into under aerobic conditions?

Answer 11

Acetyl CoA which enters the TCA cycle

Question 12

Define: glycolysis

Answer 12

Lysis of glucose: breakdown of glucose (C6) into 2 molecules of pyruvate (C3)

Question 13

Define: gluconeogenesis

Answer 13

Birth of glucose: Process of building glucose from smaller metabolites, such as pyruvate

Question 14

Define: synthases

Answer 14

Catalyze condensation reactions without requirement for nucleoside triphosphates

Question 15

Define: synthetases

Answer 15

Catalyze condensation reactions that due use nucleoside triphosphates

Question 16

Define: ligases

Answer 16

Catalyze condensation reactions in which two atoms are joined together using ATP as an energy source

Question 17

Define: lyases

Answer 17

Catalyze the cleavage with electronic rearrangements (ex. PDH-complex)

Question 18

Define: kinases

Answer 18

Transfer phosphoryl groups (ex. ATP to an acceptor molecule)

Question 19

Define: phosphatase

Answer 19

Removal of a phosphoryl group from a phosphate ester (ex. protein phosphatases)

Question 20

Define: phosphorylase

Answer 20

Displacement reactions in which phosphate is the attacking species (phosphorylysis) ex. glycogen phosphylase

Question 21

Glycolysis has 2 phases: What are they?

Answer 21

1. Preparatory phase
   
   • first 5 steps
   • requires ATP
2. Pay off phase
   
   • produces ATP, NADH, and FADH2

Question 22

Glycogenesis ______ energy

Answer 22

Stores

Question 23

Glycolysis ______ energy

Answer 23

Generates

Question 24

1 glucose = __ pyruvate

Answer 24

2

Question 25

What happens to the NADH produced in glycolysis?

Answer 25

They are re-oxidized in the mitochondria via ETC

Question 26

What is the overall formula for Glycolysis?

Answer 26

Glucose + O2 —> 2 pyruvate + 2H20

Question 27

What is the long formula for Glycolysis?

Answer 27

Glucose + 2NAD+ + 2ADP +2 Pi —-> 2pyruvate + 2NADH +2H+ + 2ATP + 2H20

BUT THEN:

NADH enters ETC:
2NADH + 2H+ + O2 —-> 2NAD+ + 2H20

ATP can be hydrolyzed:

2ATP + 2H20 —> 2ADP + 2Pi

Question 28

Describe the allosteric control of enzymes

Answer 28

It is between Frc6P and Frc16bisP.

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