Glycolysis and The Krebs Cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

What is ATP?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

- The cells energy currency

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2
Q

What is anaerobic cellular respiration?

A

When energy is produced in the absence of oxygen through glycolysis

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3
Q

What is dephosphorylation?

A

The hydrolysis/removal of a phosphate group from a molecule

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4
Q

What is fermentation?

A

The process of oxidizing NADH back to NAD+ with a final electron acceptor using an inorganic or organic compound,
- Occurs in the absence of oxygen

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5
Q

What is the GLUT protein?

A

An integral membrane protein that transports glucose

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6
Q

What is the definition of glycolysis?

A

The process of breaking glucose into 2 three-carbon molecules with the production of ATP and NADH

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7
Q

What is isomerase?

A

An enzyme that converts a molecule into its isomer

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8
Q

What is Phosphorylation?

A

The addition of a high energy phosphate to a compound

- Usually a metabolic intermediate, protein, or ADP

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9
Q

What is Pyruvate?

A

A three-carbon sugar that can be decarboxylated and oxidized to make acetyl CoA. which enters the citric acid cycle under aerobic conditions
- The final product of glycolysis

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10
Q

What is a redox reaction?

A

A chemical reaction that has both an oxidation and reduction reaction

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11
Q

What is substrate-level phosphorylation?

A

Production of ATP from ADP using the excess energy from a chemical reaction and a phosphate group from a reactant

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12
Q

What is the process of glycolysis?

A
  • 2 Phosphates are added to a glucose molecule at the expense of two ATP
  • This results in a 6-carbon diphosphate molecule and ADP
  • The 6-carbon molecule is split into two 3-carbon molecules
  • Each of these is oxidized sequentially until they become pyruvate, this process uses a coenzyme that is reduced at the same time called NAD+
  • ATP is formed as a result
  • In aerobic conditions, the pyruvate is further oxidized to create more ATP
    In anaerobic, it is converted into lactic acid
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13
Q

What is the 6-carbon diphosphate molecule?

A

Simply a glucose molecule with 2 extra phosphate molecules bound to it

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14
Q

How does pyruvate differ in aerobic and anaerobic conditions?

A
  • In aerobic conditions, the pyruvate oxidizes further into more ATP
  • In anaerobic conditions, the pyruvate is converted into lactic acid
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15
Q

Where does the Kreb cycle take place?

A

Mitochondria

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16
Q

What molecule enters the Kreb cycle?

A

Acetyl-CoA

- A 2C molecule and a carrier molecule of CoA

17
Q

How does Pyruvate become Acetyl-CoA?

A

When pyruvate enters the mitochondria, it is oxidized into Acetyl-CoA in the presence of NAD+
- Products: Acetyl CoA + CO2 + NADH

18
Q

What happens to the Acetyl-CoA after it enters the Kreb Cycle? (Step 1)

A
  • It bonds with a 4C molecule to become a 6C molecule
  • It then is oxidized into a 5C molecule in the presence of NAD+
  • Products: 5C molecule + CO2 + NADH
19
Q

What happens to the 5C molecule during the Kreb Cycle? (Step 2)

A
  • It is oxidized in the presence of NAD+ into a 4C molecule, while also releasing a molecule of ATP
  • Products: 4C molecule + CO2 + NADH + ATP
20
Q

What happens to the 4C molecule during the Kreb Cycle? (Step 3)

A
  • The 4C molecule is further oxidized in the presence of FAD^2+ and NAD+
  • Products: 4C molecule + FADH2 + NADH
  • This 4C molecule is identical to the one that Acetyl-CoA bonded to at the start of the Kreb cycle
21
Q

How many NADH are produced during the Kreb cycle?

A

3

- including the oxidation of pyruvate: 4

22
Q

How many ATP are produced during the Kreb cycle?

A

1

23
Q

When is ATP produced during the Kreb Cycle?

A

When the 5C molecule is oxidized

24
Q

How many FADH2 are produced during the Kreb cycle?

A

1

25
Q

How many times does the Kreb Cycle occur for each glucose molecule?

A

Twice, one for each pyruvate produced from glycolysis

26
Q

What is Acetyl-CoA?

A

A combination of an acetyl group and coenzyme A

  • The acetyl group is derived from an oxidized private
  • The coenzyme A is made from pantothenic acid, a B-group vitamin
27
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

Process in which organisms convert energy in the presence of oxygen

28
Q

What is the citric acid/ TCA cycle?

A

Also known as the Kreb cycle,

  • TCA is the chemical group name of citric acid
  • A series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions of central importance in all living organisms
29
Q

Who made the Krebs cycle?

A

Hans Krebs

- He also identified the pathway of pigeon flight muscles in the 1930s

30
Q

What is the mitochondrion matrix?

A

The innermost compartment of the mitochondrion