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AP Biology > Evolution > Flashcards

Evolution Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a population?

A

The same species in an area

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2
Q

What are the mechanisms for evolution?

A
  • Natural selection
  • Gene flow
  • Genetic drift
  • Artificial selection
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3
Q

What mechanisms of evolution lead a population to adapt?

A
  • Natural selection

- Artificial selection

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4
Q

What mechanisms of evolution do not lead a population to adapt?

A
  • Gene flow

- Genetic drift

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5
Q

What is natural selection?

A

When phenotypes are more likely to be passed on depending on their ability to help an individual survive in an environment

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6
Q

What are the causes of natural selection?

A
  • Competition
  • Predation
  • Sexual selection
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7
Q

What are the two types of sexual selection?

A

Intersexual selection
- Choosiness of sexual partners
Intrasexual selection
- Competition between individuals of the same sex for mates

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8
Q

What is gene flow?

A

Genes leaving and entering the gene pool due to movement

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9
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

A change in the gene pool strictly by random chance

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10
Q

What is artificial selection?

A

Selective breeding is controlled by humans to produce the desired trait

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11
Q

What is stabilizing selection?

A

When the frequency of the extreme phenotype is reduced because predators don’t eat the intermediate phenotypes since they are easiest to see if they are inedible, so the population is skewed in the direction of the intermediate phenotype and the extremes start to decrease in population

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12
Q

What is directional selection?

A

The inedible species of one extreme phenotype disappears so predators eat the species that mimics it,
this causes a skew in the phenotypes away from the one that disappeared

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13
Q

What is disruptive selection?

A

When the extreme phenotypes are not eaten by predators so the population of phenotypes that mimic the extreme inedible organisms remains unharmed, the population is skewed in either extreme direction and there are two peaks on either side of the graph

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14
Q

What are homologous structures?

A

Structures that share similarities because of a common ancestor

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15
Q

What are analogous structures?

A

Structures that are different b/c they come from different ancestors

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16
Q

What are bottleneck events?

A

A random event that drastically reduces the size of the population
- A variation of genetic drift

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17
Q

What is the founder effect?

A

When a small group of a population is separated and isolated from the original population
- Creates a difference in allele frequency from the original population, which can result in speciation

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18
Q

What type of evidence can be used for evolution?

A
  • Geographical (habitats)
  • Geological (fossils/isotopes)
  • Physical (observable phenotypes)
  • Biochemical (DNA/proteins)
  • Mathematical (models/simulations)
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19
Q

What are morphological traits?

A

Traits that have been modified but shared among different species from a common ancestor

20
Q

What are vestigial structures?

A

Reduced/obsolete structures that serve little to no function

- Human tail bone

21
Q

What are some examples of evidence for common ancestry in eukaryotes?

A
  • Linear DNA
  • Chromosomes made of condensed DNA with histones
  • DNA in a nucleus
  • Genome is large
  • Genome contains introns (prokaryotes don’t)
  • Chromosomes capped with telomeres (repetitive no coding DNA)
22
Q

What are telomeres?

A

Repetitive non-coding DNA at the end of a chromosome

23
Q

What are some examples of evidence of common ancestry in prokaryotes?

A
  • Small genome
  • Found in cytoplasm
  • Circular Double stranded DNA
24
Q

What is reproductive isolation?

A

When a portion of a population is separated from the original and evolves on its own to develop a new species
- Necessary for speciation

25
Q

What is a species?

A

A group capable of interbreeding and exchanging gametes to produce viable, fertile offspring

26
Q

What are the prezygotic barriers during reproductive isolation?

A
  • Habitat isolation
  • Behavioral isolation
  • Temporal isolation
  • Mechanical isolation
  • Gamete isolation
27
Q

What is habitat isolation as a prezygotic barrier to reproductive isolation?

A

When the population that is isolated lives in a different habitat

28
Q

What is behavioral isolation as a prezygotic barrier to reproductive isolation?

A

Breeding preferences dependent on rituals or courtship,

- e.g. singing/ dancing

29
Q

What is temporal isolation as a prezygotic barrier to reproductive isolation?

A

A difference in breeding times/seasons

30
Q

What is mechanical isolation as a prezygotic barrier to reproductive isolation?

A

When there is a sexual structural difference between the organisms preventing reproduction

31
Q

What is gamete isolation as a prezygotic barrier to reproductive isolation?

A

When the gametes cannot fuse to create a fertilized egg

32
Q

What are the postzygotic barriers during reproductive isolation?

A
  • Hybrid sterility
  • Hybrid breakdown
  • Reduced hybrid viability
  • Reduced hybrid fitness
33
Q

What is hybrid sterility as a postzygotic barrier to reproductive isolation?

A

When the offspring cannot produce any fertile gametes for mating

34
Q

What is hybrid breakdown as a postzygotic barrier to reproductive isolation?

A

When the first generation is viable and fertile but continuing generations are not

35
Q

What is reduced hybrid fitness as a postzygotic barrier to reproductive isolation?

A

When the offspring have a low chance of survival and reproduction,
- Could be due to the offspring not being a desirable mate b/c they are in between two species, for example a hybrid peacock could be too ugly to mate with normal peacocks b/c they may not have as beautiful feathers

36
Q

What is reduced hybrid viability as a postzygotic barrier to reproductive isolation?

A

If the zygote terminates at some point in its development

37
Q

What is allopatric speciation?

A

Evolution of a new species due to geographical barriers

38
Q

What is sympatric speciation?

A

Evolution of a new species without a geographical barrier,

  • Can be sexual selection
  • Habitat differentiation (same location but varying habitat like too cold or hot)
  • Mutations
39
Q

What is punctuated equilibrium?

A

when evolution in a population was static for a very long time, then due to an environmental stimulus, evolution happens rapidly

40
Q

What is gradualism?

A

When evolution happens gradually over a very long period of time

41
Q

What is adaptive raditation?

A

The availability for a species to fill a gap/niche in an ecosystem due to extinction
- leads to rapid speciation

42
Q

What is extinction?

A

When a species disappears and no population of it can naturally occur on Earth

43
Q

What is an affect of extinction on biodiveristy?

A

Decreases

44
Q

What are some causes of extinction?

A
  • Catastrophic changes to an ecosystem
  • Rising sea levels
  • Natural disasters
  • Human activity
  • Climate change
  • Habitat degradation
  • Pollution
  • Poaching
  • Invasive species
45
Q

What is the relationship between levels of speciation and extinction in an ecosystem with high biodiversity?

A
  • High levels of speciation

- Low levels of extinction

46
Q

What is the relationship between levels of speciation and extinction in an ecosystem with low biodiversity?

A
  • Low levels of speciation

- High levels of extinction

AP Biology (19 decks)

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