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Introductory Biochemistry > Glycolysis > Flashcards

Glycolysis Flashcards

1
Q

What type of bond links monosaccharides together?

A

Glycosidic bonds

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2
Q

Is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Anaerobic

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3
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

Cytosol

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4
Q

What are the two stages of glycolysis?

A

Energy investment and energy payoff

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5
Q

What is the net ATP yield of glycolysis?

A

2 ATP/glucose

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6
Q

Why does energy need to be invested in the first stage of glycolysis?

A

Glucose is too stable, it needs to be destabilized so it can react

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7
Q

a) What is step 1 of glycolysis? b)What is the enzyme that catalyzes it?
c) Is it reversible or irreversible?
d) coupled or uncoupled?

A

a) phosphorylation of glucose through a phosphate transfer reaction
b) Hexokinase
c) Irreversible
d) coupled

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8
Q

What two reactions are coupled in glycolysis step 1? Which one is favourable and which one is unfavourable?

A

Phosphorylation of glucose and ATP hydrolysis. ATP hydrolysis is favourable and the released energy powers the unfavourable phosphorylation of glucose

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9
Q

What are the two reasons why step 1 of glycolysis is necessary?

A

Glucose-6-phosphate is more reactive than glucose, and there is no transporter for G6P so it is trapped in the cell

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10
Q

How does hexokinase prevents wasteful ATP hydrolysis when glucose isn’t there?

A

Induced fit. Glucose binds and causes a conformational change, which then allows ATP to bind. ATP won’t bind if there’s no glucose there

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11
Q

a) What is step 2 of glycolysis? b) What is the enzyme that catalyzes it?
c) Is it reversible or irreversible?
d) coupled or uncoupled?

A

a) Isomerization of G6P.
b) phosphoglucose isomerase.
c) Reversible
d) uncoupled

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12
Q

What is the key different between the reactant and the product of glycolysis step 2?

A

G6P is an aldose and F6P is a ketose. When circular, goes from a 6-membered ring to a 5 membered ring

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13
Q

a) What is step 3 of glycolysis?
b) What is the enzyme that catalyzes it?
c) Is it reversible or irreversible?
d) coupled or uncoupled?

A

a) A second phosphorylation
b) phosphofructokinase (PFK-1)
c) Irreversible
d) Coupled

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14
Q

What is the rate-limiting step of glycolysis?

A

Step 3, PFK-1

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15
Q

a) What is step 4 of glycolysis?
b) What is the enzyme that catalyzes it?
c) Is it reversible or irreversible?
d) coupled or uncoupled?

A

a) Lysis
b) Aldolase
c) Reversible
d) uncoupled

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16
Q

What is the coupled reaction in glycolysis step 3?

A

ATP hydrolysis and phosphorylation

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17
Q

a) What is step 5 of glycolysis?
b) What is the enzyme that catalyzes it?
c) Is it reversible or irreversible?
d) coupled or uncoupled?

A

a) isomerization of DHAP into GAP
b) Triose phosphate isomerase
c) reversible
d) uncoupled

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18
Q

Why does step 5 of glycolysis need to occur?

A

GAP can continue on in glycolysis, but DHAP needs to be converted first. DHAP is a ketose and needs to be an aldose

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19
Q

Which step is the end of the energy investment stage?

A

Step 5 with the formation of GAP

20
Q

a) What is step 6 of glycolysis?
b) What is the enzyme that catalyzes it?
c) Is it reversible or irreversible?
d) coupled or uncoupled?

A

a) Oxidation
b) GAPDH
c) Reversible
d) Uncoupled

21
Q

Which position in GAP gets oxidized in step 6 of glycolysis?

A

Position 1, the aldehyde

22
Q

Where does the phosphate added to GAP in glycolysis step 6 come from?

A

Free phosphate, not from ATP

23
Q

What type of reactions do dehydrogenase enzymes catalyze?

A

Redox

24
Q

How is the energy released from glycolysis step 6 captured?

A

NAD+ gets reduced to NADH

25
Q

Why is 1,3-BPG a high energy intermediate?

A

It is an acyl phosphate, when cleaved it has increased resonance stabilization in the products

26
Q

What is the difference between 1,3-BPG and the BPG used for hemoglobin?

A

BPG used in hemoglobin is 2,3-BPG and is not an acyl phosphate

27
Q

a) What is step 7 of glycolysis?
b) What is the enzyme that catalyzes it?
c) Is it reversible or irreversible?
d) coupled or uncoupled?

A

a) phosphate transfer
b) Phosphoglycerate kinase
c) reversible
d) coupled

28
Q

What is unusual about glycolysis step 7?

A

The reaction is catalyzed by a kinase, but is reversible

29
Q

What are the coupled reactions in glycolysis step 7? Which one is favourable and which one is unfavourable?

A

ATP synthesis, which is unfavourable, and 1,3-BPG breakdown, which is favourable

30
Q

What is substrate level phosphorylation?

A

Method of ATP synthesis where the phosphate and energy come from the hydrolysis of a high energy molecule

31
Q

a) What is step 8 of glycolysis?
b) What is the enzyme that catalyzes it?
c) Is it reversible or irreversible?
d) coupled or uncoupled?

A

a) isomerization
b) phosphoglyceromutase
c) reversible
d) uncoupled

32
Q

What is the function of a mutase enzyme?

A

Moves functional groups within a molecule

33
Q

a) What is step 9 of glycolysis?
b) What is the enzyme that catalyzes it?
c) Is it reversible or irreversible?
d) coupled or uncoupled?

A

a) dehydration
b) enolase
c) reversible
d) uncoupled

34
Q

Why is PEP a high energy molecule?

A

It is an enol and wants to isomerize to a more stable keto, but the rest of the molecule is preventing that

35
Q

a) What is step 10 of glycolysis?
b) What is the enzyme that catalyzes it?
c) Is it reversible or irreversible?
d) coupled or uncoupled?

A

a) phosphate transfer
b) pyruvate kinase
c) irreversible
d) coupled

36
Q

What are the coupled reactions in glycolysis step 10? Which reaction is favourable and which one is unfavourable?

A

ATP synthesis, which is unfavourable, and PEP breakdown, which is favourable

37
Q

What type of isomerization is enol to keto?

A

Tautomerization

38
Q

Which steps of glycolysis are coupled reactions?

A

Steps 1, 3, 7, and 10

39
Q

Which steps of glycolysis involve ATP investment?

A

Steps 1 and 3

40
Q

Which steps of glycolysis involve isomerizations?

A

Steps 2, 5, 8, 10

41
Q

Which steps of glycolysis involve oxidation?

A

Step 6

42
Q

Which steps of glycolysis involve dehydration?

A

Step 9

43
Q

Which steps of glycolysis involve a reversible kinase catalyzed reaction?

A

Step 7

44
Q

Which steps of glycolysis involve lysis?

A

Step 4

45
Q

Which steps of glycolysis generate high energy intermediates?

A

Steps 6 and 9

Introductory Biochemistry (16 decks)

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