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Biochem > Glycolysis > Flashcards

Glycolysis Flashcards

1
Q

various biochemical processes responsible for the formation, breakdown and interconversion of carbohydrates in living organisms

A

Carbohydrate Metabolism

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2
Q

generation of cellular energy
sausage shape
convoluted

A

Mitochondria

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3
Q

enzyme in mitochondria responsible for production of ATP

A

ATP Synthase

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4
Q

composition of outermost layer of mitochondria

A

50% protein

50% lipid

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5
Q

composition of innermost layer of mitochondria

A

80% protein

20% lipid

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6
Q

beginning of metabolism

A

digestion

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7
Q

action of salivary amylase

A

starch & glycogen -> polysaccharides

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8
Q

action of pancreatic amylase

A

polysaccharides -> disaccharides

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9
Q

action of S.I

A

disaccharides -> simple sugars

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10
Q

stops enzyme action in stomach

A

gastric juice

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11
Q

enzymes in S.I

A

maltase, sucrase, lactase

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12
Q

reaction of digestion of carbohydrates

A

hydrolysis

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13
Q

has greatest no. of ways to utilize glucose
storage
glucose -> glycogen
releases free glucose from glycogen when blood glucose levels are low

A

liver

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14
Q

utilizes stored glycogen for synthesis of ATP during exercise

A

skeletal muscle

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15
Q

reoxidized to continue glycolysis

A

NADH

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16
Q

Starch + Salivary Amylase +H2O

A

Maltose + Dextrins

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17
Q

Starch + Pancreatic Amylase + H2O

A

Maltose + Isomaltose

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18
Q

Maltose + Maltase + H2O

A

Glucose (2)

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19
Q

Isomaltose + Maltase + H2O

A

Glucose (2)

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20
Q

Lactose + Lactase + H2O

A

Glucose + Galactose

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21
Q

Sucrose + Sucrase + H2O

A

Glucose + Fructose

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22
Q

breakdown of all compounds

A

catabolism

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23
Q

Common Monosaccharides

A

glucose
galactose
fructose

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24
Q

Disaccharides

A

sucrose ( glucose + fructose)
maltose (glucose + glucose)
Lactose (glucose + galactose)

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25
Q

Polysaccharides

A 
Starch
Dextrin
Cellulose
Pectin
Glycogen
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26
Q

Absorption of Monosaccharides

A

Simple Diffusion
Facilitated Transport
Active Transport

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27
Q

Accdg. to concentration gradient

Fructose and pentoses

A

Simple Diffusion

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28
Q

GLUT5: glucose, galactose and fructose

A

Facilitated Transport

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29
Q

SGLT (Sodium Glucose Transporter)

glucose and galactose

A

Active Transport

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30
Q

Pathways for Glucose Utilization

A

Oxidation
Provides other Compounds
Storage
Excretion in urine

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31
Q

for production of energy

A

Oxidation

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32
Q

Provides other compounds:

A

Carbohydrates
Glycerol 3-phosphate
Acetyl CoA
Non essential AA

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33
Q

storage in adipose

A

triacylglycerol

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34
Q

Major Pathways in oxidation of glucose

A

Glycolysis

Kreb’s Cycle

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35
Q

Minor Pathways in oxidation of glucose

A

Hexose monophosphate pathway

Uronic acid pathway

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36
Q

Central roles of glucose

A

storage
oxidation via glycolysis
oxidation via pentose phosphate pathway
synthesis of structural polymers

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37
Q

storage

A

glycogen, starch, sucrose

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38
Q

oxidation via glycolysis

A

pyruvate

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39
Q

oxidation via pentose phosphate pathway

A

ribose 5-phosphate

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40
Q

synthesis of structural polymers

A

extracellular matrix

cell wall polysaccharides

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41
Q
  • a pathway used by all body cells
  • converts glucose to pyruvate
  • an example of anaerobic fermentation
  • oxygen is not necessary
  • mostly endergonic reactions
A

Glycolysis

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42
Q

produced by glycolysis
conjugate base of carboxylic acids and ketones
has negative charge
completely oxidized to CO2 and H2O in mitochondria (aerobic)

A

Pyruvate/ pyruvic acid

43
Q

formula of pyruvate

A

CH3COCOOH-

44
Q

ending of all cycles

A

ATP

45
Q

Dinucleotide Phosphates

A

ATP
ADP
AMP

46
Q

products of Hydrolysis of phosphates

A

ATP - ADP + Pi + e
ADP - AMP + Pi + e
ATP + 2 H2O - AMP + 2Pi + e

47
Q

NAD

A

nicotinamide
protection of RBC
used in ETC
NADH reduced

48
Q

FAD

A

riboflavin

FADH2 reduced

49
Q

Coenzyme A

A

CoA + SH

must be attached to acetyl group to form Acetyl Coa

50
Q

start of TCA

A

Acetyl CoA

51
Q

makes CoA active

A

SH

52
Q

CHO metabolism

A

uridine triphosphate (UTP)

53
Q

Protein metabolism

A

guanin triphosphate (GTP)

54
Q

Phosphorylation reactions

A

Reaction 1, 3,7,10

55
Q

Isomerization Reactions

A

Reaction 2, 5

56
Q

Oxidation Reaction

A

Reaction 6

57
Q

Cleavage Reaction

A

Reaction 4

58
Q

Shift of Phosphoryl group

A

Reaction 8

59
Q

Dehydration reaction

A

Reaction 9

60
Q

Intermediate Products

A 
Glucose
Glucose 6-phosphate
Fructose 6-phosphate
Fructose 1,6- biphosphate
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
1,3 - Biphosphoglycerate
3 - phosphoglycerate
2-phosphoglycerate
Phosphoenolpyruvate
Pyruvate
Lactate (anaerobic)
61
Q

Enzymes

A 
Hexokinase
phosphohexose isomerase
Phosphofructokinase - 1
Aldolase
Triose phosphate isomerase
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
Phosphoglycerate kinase
phosphoglycerate mutase
enolase
Pyruvate kinase
62
Q

phosphorylation of glucose ensures that pathway intermediates remain in the cell

phosphorylation occurs in C6, as C1 is a carbonyl group (phosphorylation only takes place in hydroxyl group)

A

Reaction 1

63
Q

Isomerization moves carbonyl to C2

A

Reaction 2

64
Q

C-1 now a hydroxyl group can be phosphorylated
ensures both products of C-C cleavage bond are phosphorylated
interconvertible

A

Reaction 3

65
Q

carbonyl group at C2 facilitates cleavage

A

Reaction 4

66
Q

aldose

A

glucose 6-phosphate

67
Q

ketose

A

fructose 6-phosphate

68
Q

interconversion of 2 products into single pathway

A

reaction 5

69
Q

oxidative phosphorylation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate produces NADH - prerequisite for ATP production in 7

A

Reaction 6

70
Q

remaining phosphoryl group moves from C2 to C3

A

reaction 8

71
Q

alcohol

A

3-phosphoglycerate

72
Q

priming reactions

A

Reaction 1, 3

73
Q

oxidative phosphorylation reaction

produces NADH

A

Reaction 6

74
Q

ATP forming reactions

A

Reaction 7,10

75
Q

All carbohydrates enter

A

glycolysis

76
Q

Carbohydrates enter in muscle via

A

hexokinase

77
Q

D-galactose enters:

A

Glucose 1-phosphate

78
Q

Lactose becomes:

A

D-Galactose

D- Glucose

79
Q

Trehalose becomes

A

D-Glucose -> Glucose 6-phosphate

80
Q

Sucrose becomes:

A

D-glucose -> Glucose 6-phosphate
or
D-fructose -> Fructose 6-phosphate

81
Q

Fructose becomes:

A

Fructose 1-phosphate -> Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

82
Q

D-Mannose becomes

A

Mannose 6-phosphate -> Fructose 6-phosphate

83
Q

Dihydroxyacetone derived from glucose carbon

A

1,2,3

84
Q

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate derived from glucose carbon

A

4,5,6

85
Q

Pyruvate in under hypoxic or anaerobic conditions

fermentation to ethanol in yeast

A

2Ethanol + 2CO2

86
Q

Pyruvate under anaerobic conditions
fermentation
vigorous contraction
erythrocytes

A

2 Lactate

87
Q

Pyruvate under aerobic conditions

A

Acetyle CoA -> 4CO2 + 4H2O

88
Q

refers to the metabolic pathway in which lactate produced by anaerobic glycolysis in the muscles moves to the liver and is converted to glucose, which then returns to the muscles and is metabolized

aka lactic acid cycle

A

Cori cycle

89
Q

irreversible reactions in Glycolysis

A

Hexokinase
Phosphofructokinase
Pyruvate kinase

90
Q

controls or inhibits PFK

A

ATP (allosteric inhibitor)

91
Q

binding sites of allosteric enzymes

A

substrate site

allosteric site

92
Q

controls or inhibits hexokinase

A 
Glucose 6P (feedback inhibition)
Fructose 6P (if PFK is inactive)
93
Q

inhibits PFK

A

ATP
Acetyl CoA
Alanine

94
Q

reaction in TCA

A

decarboxylation

95
Q

product of fatty acid metabolism

A

glycerol

96
Q

too much intake of O2

A

hyperventilation

97
Q

effects of hyperventilation

A

affect conc. of CO2 in blood

comes in contact with H2O, formation of carbonic acid

98
Q

Lactate makes blood:

A

acidic

99
Q

only pathway where RBC gets energy or is activated

A

glycolysis

100
Q

condition of deficiency of enzyme in glycolysis

A

Hemolytic anemia

101
Q

formation of bubbles

A

CO2

102
Q

site where glycolysis takes place

A

cytosol

103
Q

location of ATP synthase

A

inner membrane

Biochem (7 decks)

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