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Biochem > Gluconeogenesis, Glycogenesis, Glycogenolysis > Flashcards

Gluconeogenesis, Glycogenesis, Glycogenolysis Flashcards

1
Q

all carbohydrates enter-

A

glycolysis

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2
Q

Carbohydrates enter in muscle via

A

hexokinase

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3
Q

D-Glucose –>

A

G-6-P
via:
hexokinase
ATP

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4
Q

D-Galactose –>

A

G-6-P
via:
UDP-Galactose
UDP-Glucose

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5
Q

D-Fructose –>

A

F-6-P
via:
hexokinase
ATP

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6
Q

Glycogen; Starch –>

A

G-1-P
via: phosphorylase

G-6-P
via: D-Glucose

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7
Q

Trehalose —>

A

D-Glucose

via: trehalase

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8
Q

D-Mannose –>

A

Mannose 6-P –> F-6-P

via: phosphomannose isomerase

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9
Q

Sucrose –>

A

F6P

via: hexokinase and ATP

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10
Q

synthesis of glucose and/or glycogen from non-carbohydrate sources

-pathway needed by brain

A

Gluconeogenesis

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11
Q

Glycolytic key enzymes

A

hexokinase
PFK-1
Pyruvate kinase

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12
Q

Gluconeogenic key enzymes

A

Glucose-6-phosphatase
Fructose 1,6- bisphosphatase
pyruvate carboxylase
PEP carboxykinase

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13
Q

Sources of Glucose for Gluconeogenesis

A 
Lactate
Pyruvate
Glucogenic AA
Glycerol
Odd Chain FA
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14
Q

Importance of gluconeogenesis

A

Source of blood glucose during fasting and starvation

Removal of waste products such as lactate, glycerol

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15
Q

reaction in conversion of Pyruvate to OAA

A

carboxylation

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16
Q

reaction in conversion of OAA to PEP

A

decarboxylation and phosphorylation

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17
Q

Reaction in conversion of PEP to 2-Phosphoglycerate

A

hydration

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18
Q

Reaction in conversion of 3-Phosphoglycerate to 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate

A

phosphorylation

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19
Q

Reaction in conversion of 1,3-BPG to G-3-P

A

reduction and phosphorylation

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20
Q

reaction in conversion of FBP-1 to F-6-P

A

hydrolysis and dephosphorylation

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21
Q

reaction in conversion of G-6-P to glucose

A

hydrolysis and dephosphorylation

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22
Q

uses H2O

A

11, 9, 3

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23
Q

Produces Pi

A

11, 9, 6, 1

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24
Q

Uses GTP

A

2

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25
Q

Products of Reaction 1

A

ADP + Pi

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26
Q

Products of Reaction 2

A

GDP + CO2

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27
Q

Products of Reaction 5

A

ADP

28
Q

Products of Reaction 6

A

Pi + NAD+

29
Q

process of glycogen synthesis in which glucose molecules are added to chains of glycogen for storage

A

Glycogenesis

30
Q

site of gluconeogenesis

A

liver, kidney

31
Q

site of glycogenesis

A

liver, skeletal muscle

32
Q

Steps in Glycogenesis

A

Formation of G-1-P
Formation of UDP-glucose
Glucose transfer to a glycogen chain

33
Q

Step 1 glycogenesis

A

G-6-P ——> G-1-P

34
Q

Enzyme in Step 1 glycogenesis

A

phosphoglucomutase

35
Q

Step 2 glycogenesis

A

G-1-P + UTP ——–> UDP - glucose

36
Q

Enzyme in Step 2 glycogenesis

A

UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase

37
Q

Step 3 glycogenesis

A

UDP-glucose + (glucose)n ———> (glucose) n+1 + UDP

38
Q

acts as vehicle that carries the glucose molecule which is to be added to the budding glycogen molecule

A

UDP-glucose

39
Q

Reaction in step 1 glycogenesis

A

phosphorylation

40
Q

uses ATP in glycogenesis

A

Step 1

41
Q

breakdown of glycogen to G-6-P or glucose

A

Glycogenolysis

42
Q

Steps in glycogenolysis

A

Phosphorylation/phosphorolysis of Glucose residue

G-1-P Isomerization

43
Q

Step 1 Glycogenolysis

A

(Glucose)n + Pi ——-> (glucose) n-1 + G-1-P

44
Q

Enzyme in Step 1 Glycogenolysis

A

glycogen phosphorylase

45
Q

Step Glycogenolysis

A

G-1-P —–> G-6-P

46
Q

Enzyme in Step 2 Glycogenolysis

A

phosphoglucomutase

47
Q

alternative route for glucose oxidation

not for energy production

A

HMP

48
Q

site of HMP

A 
cytosol of liver
adipose tissue
ovaries
testes
RBC
retina
49
Q

Steps of HMP

A

Oxidative

Non oxidative phase

50
Q

irreversible phase

A

oxidative

51
Q

reversible phase

A

non oxidative

52
Q

reactions in Oxidative phase

A

G6P undergoes dehydrogenation and decarboxylation to yield ribulose 5-P

53
Q

reactions in Non oxidative phase

A

6 molecules of Ribulose 5P are converted to 5 molecules of Glucose 6P

54
Q

enzymes used in non oxidative phase

A

transketolase

transaldolase

55
Q

ketone

A

Ribulose 5P

56
Q

aldose

A

Ribose 5P

57
Q

Importance of HMP

A

I. Provides Ribose 5P

II. Main source of NADPH required in lipid metabolism

58
Q

required for synthesis of nucleotides and nucleic acids

A

ribose 5P and many coenzymes

59
Q

composition of Ribose 5P

A 
ATP
GTP
UTP
CoA
NAD/NADH
FAD/FADH

G-3-P
F-3-P

60
Q

Sources of NADPH

A

A. Reductases
B. Hydroxylases
C. NADPH oxidase

61
Q

Reductases

A

Glutathione reductase
Folate, retinal reductase
Reductases of FA, steroid synthesis

62
Q

Hydroxylases

A

steroids hydroxylase

63
Q

NADPH oxidase

A

phagocytosis (respiratory burst) (WBC)

64
Q

site of Uronic Acid Pathway

A

cytosol of liver

65
Q

Importance of Uronic Acid Pathway

A 
formation of UDP - glucuronate
synthesis of L-ascorbic acid
GAGs synthesis
Conjugation reactions: with bilirubin
steroids to make them more soluble
easily excreted: detoxication

Biochem (7 decks)

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