Glycolysis Flashcards

1
Q

Does glycolysis require oxygen?

A

No

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2
Q

During normal conditions what does the heart primarily use for energy generation?

A

fatty acids (60 - 80%) glucose (20 - 30%)

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3
Q

What transports glucose into cardiocytes in the heart?

A

GLUT1 (10%) and GLUT4 (90%)

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4
Q

What glucose transport protein helps skeletal muscles to take up more nutrients and is insulin dependent?

A

GLUT4

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5
Q

What glucose transport protein increases with ischemia in the heart?

A

GLUT4

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6
Q

What does 2,3 - bisphosphoglycerate do?

What glycolysis molecule is it converted from?

A

Decreases the amount of O2 binding to Heme (At higher elevations 2,3 bisphosphoglycerate levels increase which pushes oxygen out of blood and into organs)
1,3 - bisphosphoglycerate

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7
Q

In what organs is glucokinase located?

A

Liver and beta cells of pancreas

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8
Q

How does glucokinase trap glucose in the cell?

A

It adds a charged phosphate group to make it glucose-6 phosphate which makes it unable to cross
the membrane.

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9
Q

Which organs contain G-6P phosphatase to release glucose from the cell?

A

Liver and renal cortex

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10
Q

What is the committed step of glycolysis?

A

Phosphofructokinase 1 (PFK-1)

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11
Q

What toxic compound substitutes for Pi in biological reactions?

A

Arsenate

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12
Q

Why is Arsenite toxic?

A

It forms a stable complex with enzyme-bound lipoic acid, with is an E2 cofactor for PDC

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13
Q

What organs can convert lactate back to pyruvate?

A

Heart, liver, kidney

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14
Q

What organs can use pyruvate to generate glucose that is sent back into the blood (ie the Cori cycle)

A

Liver and kidney

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15
Q

What are the two shuttle options for NADH electrons to get into the mitocchondrial matrix?

A

Glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle (all tissues)

Malate-aspartate shuttle (liver, kidney, heart)

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16
Q

Why does the NADH from the glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle only end up giving 1.5 ATP/NADH while the malate-aspartate shuttle give 2.5 ATP/NADH

A

glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle uses FADH2

17
Q

What is the maximum amount of energy from the complete oxidation of glucose?

A

32 ATP

If transport NADH through glyerol-3-P shuttle, subtract 2 ATP = 30 ATP

18
Q

What is the enzyme that changes 2 ADP into an AMP and an ATP?

A

Adenylate Kinase