Glycerolipid/Sphingolipid Metabolism Flashcards
Cholesterol in the body is either there as a result what 3 things?
1) synthesis; 2) diet; or 3) storage/recycling.
In the digestive system,___ ____ and _____ ______ of the stomach help emulsify fats.
- bile acids
- mechanical agitation
In the intestines, hydrolysis of fatty acids from fats by ______ (pancreatic ____), yield soapy like substances that help _____ lipids for ______ across the intestinal wall.
- lipases
- lipase
- emulsify
- transport
After movement across the intestine, lipids are packaged in _____.
-Chylomicrons
Chylomicrons move through the ____ system into the ______ where they get stuck.
- Lymph
- Capillaries
Action of _______ _____ in the capillaries removes some of the fat from the ______ and they shrink in size and exit the capillaries and move to the _____.
- lipoprotein lipase
- chylomicrons
- liver
Chylomicrons are taken up by the liver and released, when needed as _____.
VLDLs
_____ travel the blood system and get converted to ____ and ultimately _____.
- VLDLs
- IDLs
- LDLs
Note that cholesterol ONLY gets into cells via ____-_____ ______ of the LDL at the target cell.
-receptor-mediated endocytosis
The liver is involved in sensing the body’s need for _____ via ___ ______.
- lipids
- LDL receptors
If the liver senses ____ are needed, ____ are packaged by the liver and released. These get degraded by _____ and other enzymes to _____ and ____.
- lipids
- VLDLs
- lipases
- IDLs
- LDLs
If the liver LDL receptor cannot detect ____ in the blood, it continues to release more lipids in ______ _____, such as chylomicrons, thus elevating the _____ concentration in the ____.
- LDLs
- lipoprotein complexes
- LDL
- blood
_______ _______ drugs target ___-____ ________. These drugs are called _____ (for example, lovastatin) and they stop the pathway that leads to ______.
- Endogenous synthesis
- HMG-CoA Reductase
- Statins
- Cholesterol
LDLs are the complexes containing cholesterol that cause problems when they are present in ____ amounts.
high
Damage to LDLs can result ultimately in formation of an ________ _______.
atherosclerotic plaque
When attacked by reactive oxygen, ______ _____ ____ inside the LDL become oxidized, causing them to be “stickier” to _____ and causing attack by the _____ _____. Ultimately this can lead to a ______.
- unsaturated fatty acids
- arteries
- immune system
- plaque
Cholesterol is a metabolic precursor of bile salts, such as _____, ________, and ________. These are made by introducing ____ groups and oxidization to produce _____ groups.
- cholate
- deoxycholate
- taurocholate
- OH
- carboxyl
Bile acids/salts are effective _______ to help solubilizie lipids, such as fat, in the diet.
detergents
Cholesterol is a precursor of _______.
pregnenolone
Pregnenolone is a precursor of the _____ ______.
steroid hormones
List 5 steroid hormones
corticosteroids, aldosterones, progesterones, estrogens, and androgens (last two are female and male sex hormones)
Estrogens have a ____ ____ that is made from ______ via catalysis by an enzyme called ______.
- benzene ring
- androgens
- aromatase
Since some tumors respond to ______, one way to treat them is to give a patient _____ ______ which reduce the synthesis of _____.
- estrogens
- aromatase inhibitors
- estrogens
_____ ____ is also made from cholesterol. One of the reactions for making ____ __ in the body requires the action of ___ ____.
- Vitamin D
- Vitamin D
- UV light
