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Biochem 451 Exam 2 > Fatty Acid Oxidation > Flashcards

Fatty Acid Oxidation Flashcards

1
Q

Fats are broken down to ____ ____ and _____ by enzymes known as _____.

A
  • fatty acids
  • glycerol
  • lipases
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2
Q

One of these lipases, _____ ______ ______ _____, is the only ______ enzyme of fat or fatty acid breakdown. It is located in fat-storing cells called _______.

A
  • hormone sensitive triacylglycerol lipase
  • regulated
  • adipocytes
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3
Q

Triacylglycerol lipase action _____ the ____ fatty acid off of a fat. This step is necessary before the other ____ can act to remove the other ____ ____ from a fat.

A
  • cleaves
  • first
  • lipase
  • fatty acids
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4
Q

_____, is the only part of a fat that can be made into glucose (via _______). Fatty acids travel in the bloodstream carried by ____ ____.

A
  • Glycerol
  • gluconeogenesis
  • serum albumin
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5
Q

Fatty acid oxidation occurs in the _____ of the _______.

A

-matrix
-mitochondria
-

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6
Q

In the cell, fatty acids are attached to ___ and then at the mitochondrion, the ____ is replaced by ____. Inside the mitochondrial matrix, the _____ is replace by ___ again.

A
  • CoA
  • CoA
  • carnitine
  • carnitine
  • CoA
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7
Q

Steps in fatty acid oxidation include _________, _____, _____, and _____ _____.

A
  • dehydrogenation
  • hydration
  • oxidation
  • thiolytic cleavage
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8
Q

The dehydrogenation and oxidation reactions yield:

A

reduced electron carriers (FADH2 and NADH).

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9
Q

The double bond formed in the first dehydrogenation reaction is in the ____ form. The hydration yields a _____ group on the ____ carbon from ____ end in the ___ configuration.

A
  • trans
  • hydroxyl
  • third
  • CoA
  • ā€œLā€
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10
Q

Thiolytic _____ is catalyzed by the enzyme called _____.

This releases ____

A
  • cleavage
  • thiolase
  • acetyl-CoA
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11
Q

_____ ______, comes in three forms (specialized for long, medium, and short chain _____ ___ _____).
These are the set of enzymes in the ____ ___ of fatty acid oxidation.

A
  • Acyl-CoA dehydrogenases
  • fatty acyl-CoAs
  • first reaction
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12
Q

The medium chain acyl dehydrogenase has been implicated in some instances of:

A

sudden infant death syndrome

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13
Q

The ____ ____ acyl dehydrogenases are found in ________ and this is where oxidation of long chain fatty acids (longer than __ carbons) begins (in _____, not in the mitochondrial matrix).

A
  • long chain
  • peroxisomes
  • 16
  • peroxisomes
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14
Q

Oxidation in peroxisomes involves transfer of _____ to _____ to make _____ _____, instead of _____.

A
  • electrons
  • oxygen
  • hydrogen peroxide
  • FADH2
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15
Q

Peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation is therefore LESS efficient than ______ ____ ______.

A

mitochondrial beta oxidation

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16
Q

The first step of oxidation generates a ____-_____ plus ____

A
  • trans-intermediate

- FADH2

17
Q

The second step involves addition of ____ across the _____ ____ ____ to create an intermediate in with an __ on carbon _ in the _ configuration.

A
  • water
  • trans double bond
  • OH
  • 3
  • L
18
Q

The third step involves _____ of the _____ intermediate to a ____ on carbon _.

A
  • oxidation
  • hydroxyl
  • ketone
  • 3
19
Q

The last step involves _____ ___ of an ____ ___ and production of a ____ ___ ___ with two fewer ______.

A
  • cleaving off
  • acetyl CoA
  • fatty acyl CoA
  • carbons
20
Q

The last step is catalyzed by the enzyme _____.

A

thiolase

21
Q

The reactions of ____ _____ up to the _____ reaction chemically mirror the reactions of the oxidation of _____ up to _______.

A
  • beta oxidation
  • thiolase
  • succinate
  • oxaloacetate
22
Q

Seven cycles of _____ ____ of _____ ___ in the matrix yield _ acetyl-CoAs.

A
  • beta oxidation
  • palmitoyl-CoA
  • 8
23
Q

Oxidation of biologically occurring fatty acids with ___ ____ ____ requires two additional enzymes compared to oxidation of _____ ____ ____.

A
  • cis double bonds

- saturated fatty acids

24
Q

Oxidation of biologically occurring fatty acids require these 2 enzymes:

A

enoyl-CoA-isomerase and 2,4-dienoyl-CoA-reductase.

25
Q

____-____-____ converts cis bonds between carbons _ and _ to trans bonds between carbons _ and _.

A
  • Enoyl-CoA-isomerase
  • 3 and 4
  • 2 and 3.
26
Q

Since beta oxidation normally has ____ bonded intermediates between carbons _ and _, this enzyme,___-____-____, is sufficient for conversion of many naturally occurring fatty acids to be ____.

A
  • trans
  • 2 and 3
  • Enoyl-CoA-isomerase
  • oxidized
27
Q

__ ____ ____ ______ acts on intermediates that have _____ bonds between carbons - and -.

A
  • 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase
  • double bonds
  • 2-3
  • 4-5.
28
Q

2,4-dienoyl-CoA uses ____ to reduce the ___ _____ bonds to ___ _____ bond and the resulting ____ bond is placed in a ___ configuration between carbons -.

A
  • NADPH
  • two double
  • one double
  • double
  • cis
  • 3-4.
29
Q

Enoyl-CoA-isomerase can convert the 3-4 cis double bond intermediate to one with a ____ ___ ____ between carbons -, thus allowing ___ _____ to continue.

A
  • trans double bond
  • 2-3
  • beta oxidation
30
Q

_____ of fatty acids with ___ numbers of carbons yields a final product of _____-___, not ___-___.

A
  • Oxidation
  • odd
  • propionyl-CoA
  • acetyl-CoA.
31
Q

Conversion of _____ ___ to _____ ___ requires an enzyme that uses a coenzyme ___ group.

A
  • propionyl-CoA
  • succinyl-CoA
  • B12
32
Q

The ___ coenzyme contains a ___ ___ that provide a means of generating the ____ necessary for the reaction.

A
  • B12
  • cobalt atom
  • radical
33
Q

Conversion of ____ ____ to ____ ____ requires ____ steps. The first is addition of a ____-____ to the ____carbon in the molecule.

A
  • propionyl-CoA
  • succinyl-CoA
  • three
  • carboxyl-group
  • middle
34
Q

The overall process of conversion to succinyl CoA involves two unusual ____ and ____ of a ____ group that utilizes the ____ atom of ____ ____.

A
  • isomerizations
  • movement
  • methyl
  • cobalt
  • vitamin B12
35
Q

Ketone bodies are produced by the body when ____ ____are ____ ____ to make ____.

A
  • glucose precursors
  • not available
  • glucose
36
Q

Examples of ketone bodies include ____ and ____.

A
  • acetoacetate

- hydroxybutyrate

37
Q

Diabetics have problems with ____ ____ and may produce ____ ____ to provide energy to keep the ____ ____ . One can detect this by the smell of ____ on their breath.

A
  • glucose metabolism
  • ketone bodies
  • brain alive
  • acetone
38
Q

The thiolase reaction in ____ ____ ____ is the ____ of the same reaction that occurs in ____ ____ ____ ____.

A
  • ketone body formation
  • reversal
  • fatty acid beta oxidation

Biochem 451 Exam 2 (6 decks)

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