Fatty Acid Oxidation

Question 1

Fats are broken down to ____ ____ and _____ by enzymes known as _____.

Answer 1

• fatty acids
• glycerol
• lipases

Question 2

One of these lipases, _____ ______ ______ _____, is the only ______ enzyme of fat or fatty acid breakdown. It is located in fat-storing cells called _______.

Answer 2

• hormone sensitive triacylglycerol lipase
• regulated
• adipocytes

Question 3

Triacylglycerol lipase action _____ the ____ fatty acid off of a fat. This step is necessary before the other ____ can act to remove the other ____ ____ from a fat.

Answer 3

• cleaves
• first
• lipase
• fatty acids

Question 4

_____, is the only part of a fat that can be made into glucose (via _______). Fatty acids travel in the bloodstream carried by ____ ____.

Answer 4

• Glycerol
• gluconeogenesis
• serum albumin

Question 5

Fatty acid oxidation occurs in the _____ of the _______.

Answer 5

-matrix
-mitochondria
-

Question 6

In the cell, fatty acids are attached to ___ and then at the mitochondrion, the ____ is replaced by ____. Inside the mitochondrial matrix, the _____ is replace by ___ again.

Answer 6

• CoA
• CoA
• carnitine
• carnitine
• CoA

Question 7

Steps in fatty acid oxidation include _________, _____, _____, and _____ _____.

Answer 7

• dehydrogenation
• hydration
• oxidation
• thiolytic cleavage

Question 8

The dehydrogenation and oxidation reactions yield:

Answer 8

reduced electron carriers (FADH2 and NADH).

Question 9

The double bond formed in the first dehydrogenation reaction is in the ____ form. The hydration yields a _____ group on the ____ carbon from ____ end in the ___ configuration.

Answer 9

• trans
• hydroxyl
• third
• CoA
• “L”

Question 10

Thiolytic _____ is catalyzed by the enzyme called _____.

This releases ____

Answer 10

• cleavage
• thiolase
• acetyl-CoA

Question 11

_____ ______, comes in three forms (specialized for long, medium, and short chain _____ ___ _____).
These are the set of enzymes in the ____ ___ of fatty acid oxidation.

Answer 11

• Acyl-CoA dehydrogenases
• fatty acyl-CoAs
• first reaction

Question 12

The medium chain acyl dehydrogenase has been implicated in some instances of:

Answer 12

sudden infant death syndrome

Question 13

The ____ ____ acyl dehydrogenases are found in ________ and this is where oxidation of long chain fatty acids (longer than __ carbons) begins (in _____, not in the mitochondrial matrix).

Answer 13

• long chain
• peroxisomes
• 16
• peroxisomes

Question 14

Oxidation in peroxisomes involves transfer of _____ to _____ to make _____ _____, instead of _____.

Answer 14

• electrons
• oxygen
• hydrogen peroxide
• FADH2

Question 15

Peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation is therefore LESS efficient than ______ ____ ______.

Answer 15

mitochondrial beta oxidation

Question 16

The first step of oxidation generates a ____-_____ plus ____

Answer 16

• trans-intermediate

- FADH2

Question 17

The second step involves addition of ____ across the _____ ____ ____ to create an intermediate in with an __ on carbon _ in the _ configuration.

Answer 17

• water
• trans double bond
• OH
• 3
• L

Question 18

The third step involves _____ of the _____ intermediate to a ____ on carbon _.

Answer 18

• oxidation
• hydroxyl
• ketone
• 3

Question 19

The last step involves _____ ___ of an ____ ___ and production of a ____ ___ ___ with two fewer ______.

Answer 19

• cleaving off
• acetyl CoA
• fatty acyl CoA
• carbons

Question 20

The last step is catalyzed by the enzyme _____.

Answer 20

thiolase

Question 21

The reactions of ____ _____ up to the _____ reaction chemically mirror the reactions of the oxidation of _____ up to _______.

Answer 21

• beta oxidation
• thiolase
• succinate
• oxaloacetate

Question 22

Seven cycles of _____ ____ of _____ ___ in the matrix yield _ acetyl-CoAs.

Answer 22

• beta oxidation
• palmitoyl-CoA
• 8

Question 23

Oxidation of biologically occurring fatty acids with ___ ____ ____ requires two additional enzymes compared to oxidation of _____ ____ ____.

Answer 23

• cis double bonds

- saturated fatty acids

Question 24

Oxidation of biologically occurring fatty acids require these 2 enzymes:

Answer 24

enoyl-CoA-isomerase and 2,4-dienoyl-CoA-reductase.

Question 25

____-____-____ converts cis bonds between carbons _ and _ to trans bonds between carbons _ and _.

Answer 25

- Enoyl-CoA-isomerase - 3 and 4 - 2 and 3.

Question 26

Since beta oxidation normally has ____ bonded intermediates between carbons _ and _, this enzyme,___-____-____, is sufficient for conversion of many naturally occurring fatty acids to be ____.

Answer 26

- trans - 2 and 3 - Enoyl-CoA-isomerase - oxidized

Question 27

__ ____ ____ ______ acts on intermediates that have _____ bonds between carbons _-_ and _-_.

Answer 27

- 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase - double bonds - 2-3 - 4-5.

Question 28

2,4-dienoyl-CoA uses ____ to reduce the ___ _____ bonds to ___ _____ bond and the resulting ____ bond is placed in a ___ configuration between carbons _-_.

Answer 28

- NADPH - two double - one double - double - cis - 3-4.

Question 29

Enoyl-CoA-isomerase can convert the 3-4 cis double bond intermediate to one with a ____ ___ ____ between carbons _-_, thus allowing ___ _____ to continue.

Answer 29

- trans double bond - 2-3 - beta oxidation

Question 30

_____ of fatty acids with ___ numbers of carbons yields a final product of _____-___, not ___-___.

Answer 30

- Oxidation - odd - propionyl-CoA - acetyl-CoA.

Question 31

Conversion of _____ ___ to _____ ___ requires an enzyme that uses a coenzyme ___ group.

Answer 31

- propionyl-CoA - succinyl-CoA - B12

Question 32

The ___ coenzyme contains a ___ ___ that provide a means of generating the ____ necessary for the reaction.

Answer 32

- B12 - cobalt atom - radical

Question 33

Conversion of ____ ____ to ____ ____ requires ____ steps. The first is addition of a ____-____ to the ____carbon in the molecule.

Answer 33

- propionyl-CoA - succinyl-CoA - three - carboxyl-group - middle

Question 34

The overall process of conversion to succinyl CoA involves two unusual ____ and ____ of a ____ group that utilizes the ____ atom of ____ ____.

Answer 34

- isomerizations - movement - methyl - cobalt - vitamin B12

Question 35

Ketone bodies are produced by the body when ____ ____are ____ ____ to make ____.

Answer 35

- glucose precursors - not available - glucose

Question 36

Examples of ketone bodies include ____ and ____.

Answer 36

- acetoacetate | - hydroxybutyrate

Question 37

Diabetics have problems with ____ ____ and may produce ____ ____ to provide energy to keep the ____ ____ . One can detect this by the smell of ____ on their breath.

Answer 37

- glucose metabolism - ketone bodies - brain alive - acetone

Question 38

The thiolase reaction in ____ ____ ____ is the ____ of the same reaction that occurs in ____ ____ ____ ____.

Answer 38

- ketone body formation - reversal - fatty acid beta oxidation