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PMCOL 200 > Glutocorticoids > Flashcards

Glutocorticoids Flashcards

1
Q

What hormones are secreted from the medulla?

A

Adrenaline

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2
Q

What are the three layers of the cortex?

A

Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis

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3
Q

What kind of hormones are secreted from the cortex?

A

Steroid hormones.

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4
Q

What hormones are secreted from the zona glomerulosa?

A

“Salt” Mineralocorticoids: Aldosterone

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5
Q

What are the function of mineralocorticoids?

A

Salt balance

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6
Q

What hormones are released from the zona fasciculata?

A

“Sugar” Glucocorticoids: Cortisol

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7
Q

What are the functions of glycocorticoids?

A

Metabolic and immune effects

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8
Q

What hormones are secreted from the zona reticularis?

A

“Sex”: Androgens DHEA

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9
Q

What are the functions of androgens/DHEA?

A

Precursors for strong androgens and estrogens.

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10
Q

What is the HPA Axis?

A

Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal cortex loop (zona reticulara)

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11
Q

When is ACTH release stimulated?

A

After meals, in response to circadian rhythm (waking)

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12
Q

What hormone controls the release of ACTH?

A

CRH

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13
Q

What hormone does ACTH stimulate the synthesis of?/

A

Cortisol

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14
Q

What does cortisol exhibit feedback inhibition on?

A

Pituitary gland and hypothalamus (ACTH/CRH)

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15
Q

Where is renin released from?

A

Juxtaglomerular apparatus.

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16
Q

What is the primary target of aldosterone?

A

Kidneys.

17
Q

What is the effect of aldosterone?

A

Sodium/water reabsorption and potassium excretion.

18
Q

What is the primary role of the RAAS system?

A

To control blood volume/pressure.

19
Q

What is the mechanism of steroid hormones? (Glucocorticoids)

A
  1. Cytoplasmic unliganded receptor is in complex with Hs90, migrated into cytoplasm.
  2. Complex is bound by steroid, causing dissociation of Hsp and migration to nucleus.
  3. Dimerization, interact with DNA to influence transcription.
20
Q

What is the GRE?

A

Glucocorticoid response element

21
Q

What is the affinity ratio of cortisol for mineralocorticoid receptors and glucocorticoid receptors?

A

1:1

22
Q

How to glucocorticoid tissues maintain specificity for cortisol?

A

Express 11beta-hydrozysteroid dehydrogenase (TYPE 1) that activates cortisol.

23
Q

Why does cortisol have a weak MR effect in vivo?

A

Kidney (MC) cells expressive dehydrogenase (TYPE 2) that inactivate cortisol.

24
Q

What is apparent mineralocorticoid excess disease?

A

Inhibitor of the 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 causes cortisol to activate juxtaglomerular apparatus and release aldosterone inappropriately.

25
Q

What are the metabolic effects of glucocorticoids?

A
  1. Increases circulating glucose.
  2. Promotes fat deposition in trunk but breakdown in limbs.
  3. Overall catabolic effect breaks down proteins and bone mass.
26
Q

What inflammatory mechanisms does cortisol mediate?

A
  1. Inhibition of AA.

2. Inhibition of prostanoid synthesis.

27
Q

What is COX-2?

A

Inflammatory mediator that metabolizes AA into various prostanoids.

28
Q

How does cortisol affect COX-2?

A

Suppress the transcription of COX-2 gene, leading to long term suppression of COX-2.

29
Q

What are lipocortins/annexins?

A

Large family of proteins that directly inhibit infiltration of leukocytes on tissue, suppress PLA2 activity to prevent AA generation (no prostanoids).

30
Q

What effect does cortisol have on lipocortins?

A

Activates lipocortins via G-couples receptor.

31
Q

What is Addison’s disease?

A

Chronic adrenocortical insufficiency caused by low prodction of glucocorticoids and MC.

32
Q

How is Addison’s disease typically treated?

A

GC/MC supplementation.

33
Q

What is Cushing’s Syndrome?

A

Adrenal overactivity leading to excessive cortisol.

34
Q

What are possible causes of Cushing’s syndrome?

A

Adrenal tumor
Pituitary tumor
Drugs
Ectopic tumor

35
Q

How is Cushing’s Syndrome treated?

A

Resection of adrenals or pituitary tumor followed by cortisol supplementation

36
Q

Why are glucocorticoids used as therapeutics?

A

Limit immune responses (allergic reactions)

37
Q

What occurs if glucocorticoid use is suddenly stopped?

A

Addison-like symptoms.

38
Q

What is tapering?

A

Slowly lowering dosage instead of going cold turkey, required for glucocorticoids.

PMCOL 200 (19 decks)

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