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PMCOL 200 > Antiviral Medication > Flashcards

Antiviral Medication Flashcards

1
Q

What are viruses?

A

Obligate intracellular parasites; they rely on host biosynthetic pathways to reproduce.

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2
Q

What are virions?

A

Independent virus particles that exist outside of infected cells.

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3
Q

What do virions consist of? (3)

A

Double or single stranded RNA.
Protein coat.
Lipid envelope.

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4
Q

What s a capsid?

A

Protein coat of a virion.

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5
Q

What is the lipid envelope? Where is it derived from?

A

Envelope derived from host cell which contains antigenic glycoproteins.

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6
Q

What is viral range?

A

The group of cell-types/species a virus can infect.

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7
Q

What is a bacteriophage?

A

A virus that only infects bacteria.

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8
Q

What are viruses that only infect animals or plants referred to?

A

Animal viruses or plant viruses.

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9
Q

Most viruses do not cross ____, and some only infect closely related ______.

A

Phyla, species.

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10
Q

What are the three shapes of capsids?

A

Helical, icosahedral, complex.

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11
Q

How are viruses classified?

A

Based on the capsid shape.

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12
Q

What is pathogenicity?

A

The ability of a virus to cause disease.

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13
Q

What is virulence?

A

The degree of pathogenicity.

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14
Q

What is latency?

A

The phenomenon in which viruses remain dormant in organisms.

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15
Q

What is an example of latency in humans?

A

Chicken pox; latency in spinal cord is reactivated as shingles in adulthood.

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16
Q

What are carriers?

A

People chronically infected with a virus that serves as reservoirs of infectious viruses.

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17
Q

What is the life cycle of viral replication?

A

Absorption, penetration, replication, release.

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18
Q

What determines the host range of a virus?

A

Interaction between host cell receptors and glycoproteins on virus surfaces.

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19
Q

What cell receptors do the proteins on HIV interact with?

A

gp120 (CD4) CCR5 (T)

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20
Q

After the virus binds with cell surface receptors, what are the following processes of infection?

A

The virus is fused with the membrane, crossing is and releasing viral RNA/DNA that crosses into the nucleus to impact transcription (reproduce itself)

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21
Q

Where does a virus utilize host machinery for transcription?

A

Nucleus.

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22
Q

Where does a virus utilize host machinery for translation?

A

Cytoplasm.

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23
Q

Where do newly synthesized virion particles move after translation?

A

They are released by the cell to continue the infection cycle.

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24
Q

What are the two formes of nucleic acids in viruses?

A

ss or ds RNA/DNA

25
Q

How do DNA viruses typically infect a cell?

A
  1. Enter the host nucleus and integrate into the genome (because they are DNA).
  2. Transcibed by host DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, then translated into virus-specific proteins in cytoplasm.
26
Q

What do DNA viruses require in the cell for replication?

A

DNA-dependent DNA polymerase.

27
Q

What kind of virus required DNA-dependent DNA polymerase for replication?

A

DNA virus.

28
Q

What kind of virus requires DNA-dependent RNA polymerase for transcription?

A

DNA Virus

29
Q

What is the exception of DNA viruses and host machinery?

A

Poxiviruses carry their own DNA-dependent RNA polymerase and replicate in the host cell cytoplasm.

30
Q

What do RNA viruses require for transcription?

A

RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

31
Q

What polymerase acts both as a transcriptase and replicase for viruses?

A

RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

32
Q

Where do RNA viruses complete replication?

A

Cytoplasm.

33
Q

Which RNA virus completed replication in the host cell nucleus?

A

Influenza.

34
Q

What are retroviruses?

A

Viruses with RNA genome that direct the formation of a DNA molecule in the host cell.

35
Q

What enzyme copies viral RNA into DNA?

A

Reverse transcriptase.

36
Q

What is the function of RNA-dependent DNA polymerase?

A

To translate RNA into DNA molecules.

37
Q

What three enzymes are required by retroviruses for infection of the host cell?

A
  1. Reverse transcriptase to turn into ssDNA.
  2. RNA-dependent DNA polymerase to turn into dsDNA.
  3. DNA-dependent RNA polymerase to copy DNA strand or form mRNA.
38
Q

What is the cheapest and most effective way of preventing infections by viruses?

A

Vaccinations.

39
Q

What are the four categories of vaccines?

A

Live attenuated
Inactivated (killed antigen)
Subunit (purified antigen/mrna)
Toxoid (inactivated toxins)

40
Q

What steps of the viral replication process do anti-virals block?

A
  1. Viral entry into cell.
  2. Nucleic acid synthesis.
  3. Protein synthesis.
  4. Viral packaging.
  5. Virion release.
41
Q

What can combination therapy prevent or delay the emergence of?

A

Anti-viral resistance

42
Q

What is virustatic? Which class of drugs is classified as this?

A

When a drug is only active against replicating viruses and do not affect latent viruses.

43
Q

What does the administration of acyclovir result in?

A

DNA chain termination in viral replication due to lacking hydroxyl group important for elongation.

44
Q

What anti-viral is acyclovir classified as?

A

Anti-herpes drug.

45
Q

What is required of acyclovir in order to be incorporated into viral DNA? What enzyme catalyzes this reaction?

A

Phosphorylation to acyclovir-triphosphate.

ENZYME: thymidine kinase.

46
Q

What is the affinity of thymidine kinase for acyclovir compared to mammalian kinase?

A

200X greater

47
Q

What causes acyclovir resistance in HPV?

A
  1. Impaired production of viral thymidine kinase.
  2. Altered thymidine kinase substrate specificity.
  3. Altered DNA polymerase.
48
Q

What is a lentivirus?

A

A family of retroviruses that lead to chronic persistent infection with gradual onset of clinical symptoms.

49
Q

What is an example of a lentivirus?

A

HIV

50
Q

What cells does HIV infect? What does this result in?

A

CD4+ T cells; cause to decline to critical levels and lose cell mediated immunity. Body becomes susceptible to opportunistic infections.

51
Q

What viral infection sites do anti-viral HIV drugs target?

A
  1. Fusion.
  2. Transcription.
  3. Integration.
  4. Release
52
Q

What are entry inhibitors?

A

Anti-viral drugs that interfere with binding, fusion, and entry of an HIV virion into a cell.

53
Q

What is integrase?

A

Viral enzyme that inserts viral genome into DNA of host cell.

54
Q

What is aspartate protease?

A

Viral enzyme that cleaves precursor proteins to form the final structural proteins of the mature virion core.

55
Q

What are protease inhibitors typically used in combination with?

A

Reverse transcriptase inhibitors.

56
Q

What is the M2 protein?

A

A protein that functions as a proton ion channel required at the onset of infection to permit acidification of the virus core, which in turn activates viral RNA transcriptase.

57
Q

What strain of influenza does amantadine work against?

A

A.

58
Q

What are neuroaminidases?

A

Enzymes that cleave sialic acid residues from viral proteins that enables virion release.

PMCOL 200 (19 decks)

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