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Neuroscience > Glutamate > Flashcards

Glutamate Flashcards

1
Q

The main _ transmitter in the CNS

A

Excitatory

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2
Q

Glutamate is synthesised from…

A

Glutamine

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3
Q

Reuptake of glutamate is done by …

A

Excitatory Amino Acid Transporters (EAAT)

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4
Q

Life cycle

A

Glutamine transported into pre-synaptic neuron
Converted into glutamate
Stored in vesicles
During depolarization, vesicles bind to cell wall and release glutamate into synapse
Taken up again by EAAT
Stored in pre-synaptic neuron or in glial cell

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5
Q

Glutamine is transported into pre-synaptic neuron by …

A

Glutamine transporter

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6
Q

Glutamine is converted to glutamate by…

A

Glutaminase

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7
Q

What happens to synaptic glutamate?

A

Can be taken up by EAAT and stored back in the pre-synaptic neuron.
Can be taken up into the glial cell and stored as glutamine

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8
Q

Excitotoxicity

A

When there is so much excitation of glutamate receptors that it causes cell death.

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9
Q

Glutamate acts via _tropic and _tropic receptors

A

Ionotropic: NMDA, AMPA and KA
Metabotropic: Group I, Group II, Group III

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10
Q

NMDA receptor names

A

GluN1
GluN2A
etc

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11
Q

AMPA receptor names

A

GluA1
GluA2
etc

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12
Q

KA receptor names

A

GluK1
GluK2
etc

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13
Q

Group 1 receptors

A

mGluR1 and mGluR5
Increase calcium and IP3

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14
Q

Group 2 receptors

A

mGluR2 and mGluR3
Decrease cAMP

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15
Q

Group 3 Receptors

A

mGluR4, mGluR6, mGluR7, mGluR8
Decrease cAMP

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16
Q

Why can glutamate bind so many receptors?

A

Because it doesn’t have a rigid shape

17
Q

Shape of glutamate

A

Nine ‘rotamers’ are possible
Contains different constituents that can rotate along two different axes about the alpha beta and beta gamma bonds

18
Q

Structure of ionotropic glutamate receptors

A

Tetrameric ligand gated ion channels
Subunits have 4 membrane sections
Extracellular loop between 3 and 4 forms part of the binding principle
P-elements face inward and form the channel

19
Q

Subunits of ionotropic glutamate receptors

A

1, 3 and 4 are trans-membrane segments
2 does not span the membrane (p-element)
Subunit composition can be heteromeric or homomeric

20
Q

NDMA will never be…

A

homomeric

21
Q

AMPAr receptor

A

Ligand gated Na+ channel
Permeable to Na+ in and K+ out
Ca2+ permeable if there is no GluA2 subunit
Fast excitatory transmission

22
Q

Agonists of AMPAr receptors

A

Glutamate
AMPA
KA

23
Q

Antagonists of AMPAr receptors

A

NBQX (competitive
GYKI 53655 (non-competitive)

24
Q

NMDA receptor

A

Dual gated Na+/Ca2+ channel
Na+ out, K+ out, Ca2+ in
Voltage and ligand gated, depolarisation required to relieve Mg block
requires glycine or serine as co-agonist
Much slower time course than AMPA

25
Q

Structure of NMDA receptor

A

1 GluN1 subunit and 3 GluN2A-D subunits

26
Q

Glycine _ NMDA receptor mediated responses

A

potentiates

27
Q

Competitive NMDA receptor antagonists

A

AP5 and CPP

28
Q

NMDA receptor ion channel blockers

A

Ketamine (high affinity)
Memantine (low affinity)
PCP (dissociative anaesthetic)

29
Q

mGluRs

A

GCPRs
7 transmembrane regions
Slow neuromodulatory role
Connected to different second messenger systems

30
Q

mGluRs and Ca2+

A

Channels normally let Ca2+ in
Glutamate activates
Ca channel closure
Controls transmitter release
Activation of intracellular enzyme releases Ca2+ from intracellular stores

31
Q

Activation of intracellular enzyme releases Ca2+ from intracellular stores

A

IP3
Initiation of second messenger cascade causes further enzyme activation.
Opening/closing of ion channels
Modulation of postsynaptic excitability
Important for excitotoxicity and neurodegeneration

32
Q

mGluRs and K+

A

Channels normally let K+ out
Glutamate activates mGluR
Leads to K-channel closure
Leads to slow depolarization

33
Q

mGluR1 and mGluR5

A

postsynaptic
produce slow depolarisation
release Ca2+ from intracellular stores

34
Q

mGluR2, 3, 4, 7 & 8

A

presynaptic
usually inhibit glutamate (and other transmitters) release

35
Q

Presynaptic NMDAr _ glutamate release by _ Ca influx.

A

increase, increase

36
Q

Presynaptic mGluR _ glutamate release by _ Ca influx

A

decrease, decreasing

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