Drug Addiction Flashcards

1
Q

Drug addiction

A

Chronic brain disorder
Compulsive drug seeking
Inability to stop using
Dependence on drug

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2
Q

Drug addiction is a disease that effects the _ system

A

Reward
Makes it hard to resist intense urges to take drugs

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3
Q

What is it called if there is a risk of return of a condition after treatment

A

Relapsing

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4
Q

How does conditioning relate to addiction?

A

People and places can become stimuli that make the addict feel compelled to use

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5
Q

Reinforcing

A

Objective
Something is reinforcing when an animal will perform a behaviour in order to obtain that stimulus.

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6
Q

Rewarding

A

Subjective
Often linked to euphoria which is a feeling of great happiness or well-being
Rewarding substances can lead to addiction

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7
Q

Psychological dependence

A

Craving
Compulsive drug use
Loss of control over intake
“addiction”

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8
Q

Physical dependence

A

When stopping a drug causes a withdrawal symptom

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9
Q

Tolerance

A

When continued use of a drug results in the need for increasing doses for equivalent effect

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10
Q

The cycle of addiction

A

Binge/intoxication –>
–> Withdrawal/negative effect –>
–> Preoccupation/anticipation –>
–> Binge/intoxication

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11
Q

Areas involved with binge/intoxication

A

Dorsal striatum
Ventral Tegmental Area
Cerebellum

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12
Q

Areas involved with withdrawal/negative effect

A

Basolateral amygdala (BLA)
Central amygdala (CeA)

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13
Q

Areas involved with preoccupation/anticipation

A

Prefrontal cortex (PFC)
Hippocampus

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14
Q

Which area did rats stimulate using ICSS?

A

Mesolimbic pathway

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15
Q

How much would rats stimulate the mesolimbic pathway?

A

Until death

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16
Q

What happened when the rats were given D1 or D2 antagonists (6-OHDA)

A

The rate of ICSS reduced

17
Q

Role of D1 and D2 receptors

A

Both play a role in reinforcing stimuli and behaviours
D2 play a big role in addiction and people with fewer are predisposed to alcohol, cocaine or heroin

18
Q

Where in rats brains were the D1 and D2 antagonists administered?

A

The nucleus accumbens

19
Q

How does cocaine effect dopamine levels?

A

Blocks reuptake of neurotransmitter
Acts like SSRI

20
Q

How do amphetamines effect dopamine levels?

A

Stimulates an excess to be released
Overwhelms reuptake process
Blocks transporter molecules involved with reuptake

21
Q

How do opiates effect dopamine levels

A

Acts on µ-opioid receptors on GABAergic neurones.
Inhibits the GABA release, so it doesn’t inhibit dopamine release
Cause disinhibition of DA neurones in VTA.

22
Q

How do cigarettes affect dopamine levels?

A

Acts on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on DA neurons - increasing their firing rate
Another substance in the smoke blocks the action of MAO

23
Q

How does cannabis (THC) effect dopamine levels?

A

Acts on cannabinoid receptors (CB1) on GABAergic neurons (Gi/o coupled)
Has inhibitory effect on GABA

24
Q

Alcohol is a CNS _

A

Depressant

25
Effects of alcohol
Decreases after-hyperpolarization (AHP) GABA A allosteric modulator (similar to benzodiazepines) NMDA receptor antagonist Calcium channel antagonist
26
Effects of alcohol decreasing AHP
AHP causes K channels to stay open for longer than Ca channels This means it gets back to resting potential faster so that it can fire again
27
How does alcohol cause euphoria/pleasure?
Dopamine at opioid receptors
28
How does alcohol cause anxiolysis/ataxia?
Increased GABA
29
How does alcohol cause sedation/amnesia?
Increased GABA and decreased NMDA
30
How does alcohol cause nausea?
5HT3
31
How does alcohol cause neuroadaptation?
NMDA, 5HT
32
How does alcohol cause stress?
CRF
33
How does alcohol cause withdrawal
GABA, NMDA Causing increased Ca and decreased Mg
34