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Ellie-NUR 130 > Glucose Regulation pt 2 > Flashcards

Glucose Regulation pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is optimal nutrition

A

all nutrients are available in balanced amounts for cellular metabolism and physiological function for the individual

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2
Q

what is suboptimal nutrition

A

malnouished state

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3
Q

what is mechanical breakdown

A

chewing and peristalsis propelling food through stomach and intestines

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4
Q

what do proteins do for cells

A

must be available for cells to manufacture other proteins
carrier proteins
enable tissue growth and repair

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5
Q

what do carbs do for cells

A

provides energy for protein to do its many jobs
required to provide glucose for unique fuel needs of the brain, neurologic system, and RBCs

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6
Q

what do essential fatty acids do for cells

A

maintain integrity of the phospholipid-based cell membranes, found around every cell

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7
Q

what do zinc and folic acid do for cells

A

critical for production of proteins and cellular structures

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8
Q

what are the pregnancy risk factors

A

insulin resistance
risk of hyperglycemia
screening for gestational diabetes at 24-28 weeks

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9
Q

what infants are at risk for hypoglycemia

A

large gestational age infants
infants whose mothers had gestational diabetes
neonatal hyperinsulinemia
premature infants
small gestational age infants

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10
Q

what can cause obesity

A

overreating
inactivity
genetics

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11
Q

what is obesity defined as

A

BMI>30 or being more than 20% over ideal body weight

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12
Q

what BMI is overweight

A

25-29.9

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13
Q

what does exercise do for glucose regulation

A

improves insulin resistance
improves cellular metabolism (more transporter molecules in cells)

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14
Q

what is insulin resistance

A

problem w/ how cell responds to insulin signaling
reduction of insulin receptors or glucose transporter molecules
pancreas overproduces insulin to compensate for reduced cellular glucose uptake (hyperinsulinemia)

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15
Q

what is bariatric surgery

A

restricts pt’s ability to eat
interferes w/ ingested nutrient absorption
sleeve gastrectomy

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16
Q

what is dumping syndrome

A

post bariatric surgery- vasomotor and GI symptoms
rapid transit of food bolus from stomach to small intestines
occurs w/in a few min to 2 hr after eating
high sugar foods exacerbate

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17
Q

what happens to blood glucose post bariatric surgery

A

bg rises rapidly
reactive hypoglycemia

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18
Q

what is the rapid acting insulin called

A

lispro

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19
Q

what is the onset for lispro

A

15-30 min

20
Q

what is the peak for lispro

A

.5-3 hr

21
Q

what is the duration for lispro

A

3-5 hr

22
Q

what is the short acting insulin called

A

regular insulin (novolin R)

23
Q

what is the onset for regular insulin

A

.5-1 hr

24
Q

what is the peak for regular insulin

A

1-5 hrs

25
Q

what is the duration for regular insulin

A

6-10 hrs

26
Q

what is the intermediate acting insulin

A

NPH (Humulin)

27
Q

when is NPH typically given

A

morning and evening

28
Q

what is the onset for NPH

A

1-2 hrs

29
Q

what is the peak for NPH

A

4-14 hrs

30
Q

what is the duration for NPH

A

14-24 hrs

31
Q

what is the long acting insulin called

A

insulin glargine u-100 (lantus)

32
Q

what insulin is weight dependent

A

detemir (Levemir)

33
Q

what is the onset for glargine

A

1-4 hrs

34
Q

what is the duration for glargine

A

24 hrs

35
Q

what does insulin do

A

promotes cellular uptake of glucose
converts glucose into glycogen
moves potassium into cells along w/ glucose

36
Q

how do beta blockers interact w/ diabetics

A

mask hypoglycemia
impairs body’s natural ability to breakdown glycogen stores to raise blood glucose levels
decreases HR, BP, and fight or flight

37
Q

how do glucocorticoids interact with diabetics

A

increases blood glucose levels

38
Q

how do thiazides interact with diabetics

A

increases blood glucose levels

39
Q

what are sulfonylureas

A

oral
insulin release from pancreas
glyburide, glipizide, and glucotrol

40
Q

what are meglitinides (glinides)

A

oral
insulin release from the pancreas
repaglinide, nateglinide

41
Q

what are alpha-glucosidase inhibitors

A

oral
slows carb absorption and digestion
miglitol
acarabose

42
Q

what are DPP-4 inhibitors (gliptins)

A

oral
promote release of insulin and decreases secretion of glucagon
lowers fasting and post-prandial blood glucose levels
sitagliptin

43
Q

what are SGLT-2 inhibitors

A

oral
used in combo w/ insulin type 1
limits the rise of glucose postprandial
excretes glucose through the urine by preventing its reabsorption in the kidney
canagliflozin, dapagliflozin

44
Q

what are the side effects of glipizide

A

hypoglycemia
wt gain
combined w/ alc can cause nausea, vomiting, palpitations, and flushing

45
Q

what are the side effects of metformin

A

GI- nausea, anorexia, diarrhea
wt loss 3-4 kg
vit b-12 and flic acid deficiency
alters absorption
using iodnie contrast can cause acute kidney failure

46
Q

what are the side effects of piglitazone

A

fluid retention
elevates LDL
hepatotoxicity

Ellie-NUR 130 (7 decks)

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