Glucose Regulation pt 1 Flashcards
what is glucose regulation
process of maintaining optimal blood glucose levels
what is the ultimate end result of glucose metabolism
cellular use of glucose for energy (ATP synthesis)
what is glycogenolysis
breaks down glycogen to glucose
what are counterregulatory hormones
stress hormones that prevent the use of glucose
what is insulin resistance
body cells not responding normally to insulin (insulin is a key to get glucose in cells)
what is gluconeogenesis
non-carb sources being broken down into glucose
what is glycogen
how the body stores glucose (liver)
what is glucagon
suppress insulin, increase blood glucose
what is insulin
hormone to lower glucose, opens cells up
what counterregulatory hormones raise glucose
glucagon and cortisol (increases w/ stress)
what are some causes of hyperglycemia
insufficient insulin production or secretion
excessive counterregulatory hormone secretion (cuts off insulin)
deficient hormone signaling (insulin resistance)
what is polyphagia
eating too much
what is polydipsia
drinking too much water
what is polyuria
too much urination
what are the short term consequences of hyperglycemia
polyphagia
polydipsia
polyuria
dehydration
what are the long term consequences of hyperglycemia
microvascular changes (retinopathy, nephropathy, peripheral neuropathy)
macrovascular angiopathy (hypertension, cardiovascular disease, peri vascular disease)
what is retinopathy
eye damage
what is nephropathy
kidneys damaged
what is type 2 diabetes
insulin resistance and B cell failure
what are the complications of type 2 diabetes
retinopathy
neuropathy
nephropathy
heart disease
what percentage of diabetic pt’s have type 2
95%
what is type 1 diabetes
autoimmune disorder- body’s immune system destroys B cells in pancreas
absolute insulin deficiency
requires lifelong insulin, metabolism, nd nutrition maintenance
what do type 1 diabetics look like
thin to normal weight
what percentage of newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes occur in ages 30-50
13%
what are causes of hypoglycemia
low glucose levels
inadequate food intake
adverse reaction to meds
excessive exercise
consequences of disease states
what is euglycemia
normal BGL
what mg/dL can seizures occur
50 mg/dL
what are some non modifiable risk factors for impaired glucose regulation
age
racial and ethnic groups
family hx
medical risk factors
what are some modifiable risk factors for impaired glucose regulation
lifestyle
selected meds
what are some common diagnostic tests for impaired glucose regulation
glucose screening
glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C)
assess antibodies
lipid analysis
microalbuminuria
c-reactive protein
what is a normal fasting glucose
70-100
what fasting glucose is considered prediabetes
100-126
what fasting glucose is considered diabetes
greater than 126 on 2 diff ocasions
what is glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C)
avg blood glucose reading/control for the previous 3 months
what A1C level is considered normal
under 7%
what is a lipid analysis
triglyceride levels are generally reflective of glycemic control
what is microalbuminuria
protein in the urine
what is c-reactive protein
elevated w/ stress, infection, or diabetes
what actual or potential problems w/ blood glucose regulation
personal or family medical hx markers
central obesity
diabetes (family hx or current diagnosis)
HTN
heart disease
cancer
meds
what are anthropometrics
height and wt
what assessments would you do for diabetes
hx-risk factors and symptoms
screening- anthropometrics, waist to hip ratio
labs- A1C and fasting bgl
ongoing assessmet
what are the potential problems w/ pts w/ poor glucose regulation
potential for injury, poor wound healing, kidney disease, and comlications
why does waist to hip ratio matter for assessment
ppl who have more weight around their waist are at higher risk from developing type 2 diabetes than ppl who have more weight around their hips
what is normal LDL level
less than 100 mg/dL
what is microalbuminuria
early indication of renal disease is microscopic protein loss in urine
what exams are important for diabetics
dental foot and eye
what does a high bp indicate
high sugar
what does macrovascular damage indicate
restricted blood flow
