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Ellie-NUR 130 > Glucose Regulation pt 1 > Flashcards

Glucose Regulation pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is glucose regulation

A

process of maintaining optimal blood glucose levels

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2
Q

what is the ultimate end result of glucose metabolism

A

cellular use of glucose for energy (ATP synthesis)

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3
Q

what is glycogenolysis

A

breaks down glycogen to glucose

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4
Q

what are counterregulatory hormones

A

stress hormones that prevent the use of glucose

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5
Q

what is insulin resistance

A

body cells not responding normally to insulin (insulin is a key to get glucose in cells)

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6
Q

what is gluconeogenesis

A

non-carb sources being broken down into glucose

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7
Q

what is glycogen

A

how the body stores glucose (liver)

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8
Q

what is glucagon

A

suppress insulin, increase blood glucose

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9
Q

what is insulin

A

hormone to lower glucose, opens cells up

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10
Q

what counterregulatory hormones raise glucose

A

glucagon and cortisol (increases w/ stress)

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11
Q

what are some causes of hyperglycemia

A

insufficient insulin production or secretion
excessive counterregulatory hormone secretion (cuts off insulin)
deficient hormone signaling (insulin resistance)

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12
Q

what is polyphagia

A

eating too much

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13
Q

what is polydipsia

A

drinking too much water

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14
Q

what is polyuria

A

too much urination

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15
Q

what are the short term consequences of hyperglycemia

A

polyphagia
polydipsia
polyuria
dehydration

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16
Q

what are the long term consequences of hyperglycemia

A

microvascular changes (retinopathy, nephropathy, peripheral neuropathy)
macrovascular angiopathy (hypertension, cardiovascular disease, peri vascular disease)

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17
Q

what is retinopathy

A

eye damage

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18
Q

what is nephropathy

A

kidneys damaged

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19
Q

what is type 2 diabetes

A

insulin resistance and B cell failure

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20
Q

what are the complications of type 2 diabetes

A

retinopathy
neuropathy
nephropathy
heart disease

21
Q

what percentage of diabetic pt’s have type 2

A

95%

22
Q

what is type 1 diabetes

A

autoimmune disorder- body’s immune system destroys B cells in pancreas
absolute insulin deficiency
requires lifelong insulin, metabolism, nd nutrition maintenance

23
Q

what do type 1 diabetics look like

A

thin to normal weight

24
Q

what percentage of newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes occur in ages 30-50

A

13%

25
Q

what are causes of hypoglycemia

A

low glucose levels
inadequate food intake
adverse reaction to meds
excessive exercise
consequences of disease states

26
Q

what is euglycemia

A

normal BGL

27
Q

what mg/dL can seizures occur

A

50 mg/dL

28
Q

what are some non modifiable risk factors for impaired glucose regulation

A

age
racial and ethnic groups
family hx
medical risk factors

29
Q

what are some modifiable risk factors for impaired glucose regulation

A

lifestyle
selected meds

30
Q

what are some common diagnostic tests for impaired glucose regulation

A

glucose screening
glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C)
assess antibodies
lipid analysis
microalbuminuria
c-reactive protein

31
Q

what is a normal fasting glucose

A

70-100

32
Q

what fasting glucose is considered prediabetes

A

100-126

33
Q

what fasting glucose is considered diabetes

A

greater than 126 on 2 diff ocasions

34
Q

what is glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C)

A

avg blood glucose reading/control for the previous 3 months

35
Q

what A1C level is considered normal

A

under 7%

36
Q

what is a lipid analysis

A

triglyceride levels are generally reflective of glycemic control

37
Q

what is microalbuminuria

A

protein in the urine

38
Q

what is c-reactive protein

A

elevated w/ stress, infection, or diabetes

39
Q

what actual or potential problems w/ blood glucose regulation

A

personal or family medical hx markers
central obesity
diabetes (family hx or current diagnosis)
HTN
heart disease
cancer
meds

40
Q

what are anthropometrics

A

height and wt

41
Q

what assessments would you do for diabetes

A

hx-risk factors and symptoms
screening- anthropometrics, waist to hip ratio
labs- A1C and fasting bgl
ongoing assessmet

42
Q

what are the potential problems w/ pts w/ poor glucose regulation

A

potential for injury, poor wound healing, kidney disease, and comlications

43
Q

why does waist to hip ratio matter for assessment

A

ppl who have more weight around their waist are at higher risk from developing type 2 diabetes than ppl who have more weight around their hips

44
Q

what is normal LDL level

A

less than 100 mg/dL

45
Q

what is microalbuminuria

A

early indication of renal disease is microscopic protein loss in urine

46
Q

what exams are important for diabetics

A

dental foot and eye

47
Q

what does a high bp indicate

A

high sugar

48
Q

what does macrovascular damage indicate

A

restricted blood flow

Ellie-NUR 130 (7 decks)

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