Glucose Regulation pt 1

Question 1

what is glucose regulation

Answer 1

process of maintaining optimal blood glucose levels

Question 2

what is the ultimate end result of glucose metabolism

Answer 2

cellular use of glucose for energy (ATP synthesis)

Question 3

what is glycogenolysis

Answer 3

breaks down glycogen to glucose

Question 4

what are counterregulatory hormones

Answer 4

stress hormones that prevent the use of glucose

Question 5

what is insulin resistance

Answer 5

body cells not responding normally to insulin (insulin is a key to get glucose in cells)

Question 6

what is gluconeogenesis

Answer 6

non-carb sources being broken down into glucose

Question 7

what is glycogen

Answer 7

how the body stores glucose (liver)

Question 8

what is glucagon

Answer 8

suppress insulin, increase blood glucose

Question 9

what is insulin

Answer 9

hormone to lower glucose, opens cells up

Question 10

what counterregulatory hormones raise glucose

Answer 10

glucagon and cortisol (increases w/ stress)

Question 11

what are some causes of hyperglycemia

Answer 11

insufficient insulin production or secretion
excessive counterregulatory hormone secretion (cuts off insulin)
deficient hormone signaling (insulin resistance)

Question 12

what is polyphagia

Answer 12

eating too much

Question 13

what is polydipsia

Answer 13

drinking too much water

Question 14

what is polyuria

Answer 14

too much urination

Question 15

what are the short term consequences of hyperglycemia

Answer 15

polyphagia
polydipsia
polyuria
dehydration

Question 16

what are the long term consequences of hyperglycemia

Answer 16

microvascular changes (retinopathy, nephropathy, peripheral neuropathy)
macrovascular angiopathy (hypertension, cardiovascular disease, peri vascular disease)

Question 17

what is retinopathy

Answer 17

eye damage

Question 18

what is nephropathy

Answer 18

kidneys damaged

Question 19

what is type 2 diabetes

Answer 19

insulin resistance and B cell failure

Question 20

what are the complications of type 2 diabetes

Answer 20

retinopathy
neuropathy
nephropathy
heart disease

Question 21

what percentage of diabetic pt’s have type 2

Answer 21

95%

Question 22

what is type 1 diabetes

Answer 22

autoimmune disorder- body’s immune system destroys B cells in pancreas
absolute insulin deficiency
requires lifelong insulin, metabolism, nd nutrition maintenance

Question 23

what do type 1 diabetics look like

Answer 23

thin to normal weight

Question 24

what percentage of newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes occur in ages 30-50

Answer 24

13%

Question 25

what are causes of hypoglycemia

Answer 25

low glucose levels
inadequate food intake
adverse reaction to meds
excessive exercise
consequences of disease states

Question 26

what is euglycemia

Answer 26

normal BGL

Question 27

what mg/dL can seizures occur

Answer 27

50 mg/dL

Question 28

what are some non modifiable risk factors for impaired glucose regulation

Answer 28

age
racial and ethnic groups
family hx
medical risk factors

Question 29

what are some modifiable risk factors for impaired glucose regulation

Answer 29

lifestyle
selected meds

Question 30

what are some common diagnostic tests for impaired glucose regulation

Answer 30

glucose screening
glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C)
assess antibodies
lipid analysis
microalbuminuria
c-reactive protein

Question 31

what is a normal fasting glucose

Answer 31

70-100

Question 32

what fasting glucose is considered prediabetes

Answer 32

100-126

Question 33

what fasting glucose is considered diabetes

Answer 33

greater than 126 on 2 diff ocasions

Question 34

what is glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C)

Answer 34

avg blood glucose reading/control for the previous 3 months

Question 35

what A1C level is considered normal

Answer 35

under 7%

Question 36

what is a lipid analysis

Answer 36

triglyceride levels are generally reflective of glycemic control

Question 37

what is microalbuminuria

Answer 37

protein in the urine

Question 38

what is c-reactive protein

Answer 38

elevated w/ stress, infection, or diabetes

Question 39

what actual or potential problems w/ blood glucose regulation

Answer 39

personal or family medical hx markers
central obesity
diabetes (family hx or current diagnosis)
HTN
heart disease
cancer
meds

Question 40

what are anthropometrics

Answer 40

height and wt

Question 41

what assessments would you do for diabetes

Answer 41

hx-risk factors and symptoms
screening- anthropometrics, waist to hip ratio
labs- A1C and fasting bgl
ongoing assessmet

Question 42

what are the potential problems w/ pts w/ poor glucose regulation

Answer 42

potential for injury, poor wound healing, kidney disease, and comlications

Question 43

why does waist to hip ratio matter for assessment

Answer 43

ppl who have more weight around their waist are at higher risk from developing type 2 diabetes than ppl who have more weight around their hips

Question 44

what is normal LDL level

Answer 44

less than 100 mg/dL

Question 45

what is microalbuminuria

Answer 45

early indication of renal disease is microscopic protein loss in urine

Question 46

what exams are important for diabetics

Answer 46

dental foot and eye

Question 47

what does a high bp indicate

Answer 47

high sugar

Question 48

what does macrovascular damage indicate

Answer 48

restricted blood flow