Gluconeogenesis

Question 1

What are the 3 major carbon sources for gluconeogenesis?

Answer 1

Lactate
Glycerol
Amino Acids (alanine)

Question 2

First non carbohydrates are converted to ?

Answer 2

Pyruvate

Question 3

Pyruvate is converted to?

Answer 3

Oxaloacetate

Question 4

How is pyruvate converted to oxaloacetate?

Ppc

Answer 4

In the mitochondria goes through pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, TCA to become oxaloacetate, oxaloacetate shuttles out of mitchondria in to cytosol, oxaloacetate/phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase to pep

Question 5

Non-carbohydrates can enter the pathway as

Answer 5

oxaloacetic acid AA
or
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate(glycerol)

Question 6

Glucose 6 phosphate to glucose how?

Answer 6

• glucose 6 phosphatase in the endoplasmic reticulum
• Irreversible
• Inorganic phosphate is release
• glucose and Pi transported to cytoplasm by transporter

Question 7

Glucose 6 phosphatase is found where?

Answer 7

liver

small amount in kidney

Question 8

Energy (NADH) is required for conversion of what to what?

Answer 8

1,3-bisposposphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate

Question 9

Gluconeogenesis occurs during?

Is also simulated by?

Answer 9

-fasting

prolonged exercise
high protein diet 
under stress ( cortisol)

Question 10

On the molecular level gluconeogenesis is stimulated by the flow of its major substrates from the liver.
name 3 substrates and tell me about them shits? ie how was the substrate release/produced

Answer 10

glycerol-released from adipose due to low insulin or high glucagon, epinephrine, cortisol

lactate- produced during exercise and RBC

amino acids-released from muscle due to low insulin, high cortisol, high protien/low carb intake