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USAGPAN Biochemistry > Biochemistry 4 carbohydrates > Flashcards

Biochemistry 4 carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

Liver b2

A

gluconeogenesis & glycogenolysis

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2
Q

liver a1

A

glycogenolysis

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3
Q

pancreas b2

A

insulin secretion

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4
Q

pancreas a2

A

inhibit insulin release

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5
Q

adipose B3

A

lipolysis

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6
Q

adipose a2

A

inhibit lipolysis

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7
Q

skm B2

A

glycogenolysis

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8
Q

Energy is obtained from fuel by oxidizing it to?

A

CO2 & H2O

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9
Q

Fuel for energy?

A

carbohydrates, fat, and protein in the diet

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10
Q

Catabolism is?

A

those reactions that transform fuel into cellular energy

breaking down fuel into ATP

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11
Q

catabolic hormone?

A

glucagon

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12
Q

Catabolism three stages?

A
  1. Hydrolysis of complex molecules to their component building blocks
  2. Conversion of building blocks to acetyl CoA (precursor that enters TCA cycle)
    • Acetyl CoA is the meeting point for all different types of molecule pathways (fat, protein)
  3. Oxidation of acetyl CoA; oxidative phosphorylation ETC
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13
Q

anabolic hormone?

A

Insulin

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14
Q

Major fuel source for the brain and RBC?

A

glucose

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15
Q

major site for glucose metabolism?

A

liver

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16
Q

first step of glucose metabolism?

A

glycolysis

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17
Q

the hub of carbohydrate metabolism?

A

Glycolysis

-all sugars can ultimately be converted to glucose

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18
Q

Aerobic glycolysis takes place in cells with?

A

cells with a mitochondria

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19
Q

Anaerobic glycolysis takes place in? 2

A

cells with no mitochondria ie RBC,

hypoxia

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20
Q

where does glycolysis take place?

A

cytosol

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21
Q 
Anaerobic glycolysis occurs in?
7
R
T
KM
L
C
L
A

cells that are poorly vascularized or w/o mitochondria – RBC, testes, kidney medulla, lens, cornea, & leukocytes

22
Q

What enzyme produces lactate from pyruvate?

A

lactate dehydrogenase

(NADH oxidized to NAD+) – reversible

23
Q

What cause lactate to be formed during exercise ?

A

an increase in NADH production ↑ NADH/NAD+ ratio ETC can’t keep up, favors reduction of pyruvate to lactate

24
Q

Lactate build up in muscles ?

A

decrease in pH and muscle cramps

25
Q

GLUT 1

3

A

Blood RBC
Baby/fetus
Blood Brain Barrier

26
Q

GLUT 2

3

A

Kidney
liver
pancreas

27
Q

GLUT 3

3

A

Placenta
Neuron
Kidney

28
Q

GLUT 4

A

Muscle

adipose

29
Q

Which GLUT requires Insulin?

A

GLUT 4

30
Q

Glucose contains how many carbon?

A

6

31
Q

Glucose enters the cell and splits into?

A

two 3 carbon molecules that both go through glycolysis making 2 pyruvate

32
Q

The heart and liver have less NADH/NAD compared to muscles, lactate from blood is oxidized to
_______through________or in the __________

A

pyruvate through gluconeogenesis or in the TCA cycle

33
Q

After an MI heart cells releases Lactate dehydrogenase into circulation, what can be a biomarker for heart damage?

A

H:heart isoform ratio higher than M:SKM/liver -usually rises 2-5 days post MI

34
Q

Elevated lactate post cardio collapse ie, MI, PE, shock, etc, leads to _________ from failure to provide adequate _________ (impaired _________ _________)

A

lactic acidosis from failure to provide adequate 02 (impaired oxidative phosphorylation)

35
Q

Lactic acidosis leads to decreased_____ and have to rely on________

A

ATP synthesis

anaerobic metabolism

36
Q

Lactic acidosis leads to increased O2 debt that requires excess O2 to recover from inadequate O2. What lab needs to be monitored?

A

serial lactate levels to measure severity of shock and recovery

37
Q

Most energy comes from the end products of pyruvate or lactate in?

A

the citric acid cycle

aka TCA cycle, Krebs cycle

38
Q

Define glycolysis in simple terms

A

Glucose 6 P makes pyruvate through a series of chemical reactions.
Pyruvate can then be converted to acetyl CoA that enters the citric acid cycle (TCA, Kreb) in the mitochondria

39
Q

What two things phosphorylate glucose into Glucose 6 phosphate?

A

Hexokinase in a cells

Glucokinase: in pancreas, acts as a sensor to increase insulin secretion, most active after meal

40
Q

The 3 irreversible steps of glycolysis

A
  1. phosphorylation of Glucose to
    glucose 6 phosphate by hexokinase
  2. phosphorylation Fructose 6 phosphate to fructose 1, 6 bisphosphate by phosphofructokinase 1
  3. Phosphoenolpyruvate PEP to pyruvate by pyruvate kinase
41
Q

What leads to the gluconeogenesis pathway? _______ ______ inactivation by ______

A

pyruvate kinase inactivation by PKA

42
Q

Pyruvate kinase deficiency leads to?

mutant

A

genetically mutant pyruvate kinase leads to hemolytic anemia

43
Q

Pyruvate kinase deficiency MOA?

-Second leading cause of

A
  • RBC’s do not have mitochondria, so they rely on glycolysis for ATP – decrease ATP results in alterations in shape and phagocytosis by the spleen
  • Second leading cause of enzyme deficiency hemolytic anemia
44
Q

Glycolysis is regulated by what 2 major needs of the cell?

A

 ATP (if we have plenty, inhibits glycolysis)

 Building blocks for synthetic reactions

45
Q

Name the Enzymes catalyzing irreversible reactions that are also sites of control.
The amount of enzyme regulated by?

A

Hexokinase, phosphofructokinase 1, and pyruvate kinase

transcription

46
Q

Well-fed state ______results in gene _______ and _______ synthesis

A

insulin results in gene transcription and enzyme synthesis

47
Q

Fasting or diabetes high ______ and low _______ leads to ________ enzyme synthesis

A

high glucagon and low insulin leads to decreased enzyme synthesis

48
Q

TCA cycle is final pathway where _________metabolism of ________, _______, and _______converge
C
A
F

A

final pathway where oxidative metabolism of carbohydrate, amino acids, and fatty acids converge

49
Q

glucose synthesis from non carbohydrate precursors

A

gluconeogenesis

50
Q

the breakdown of glycogen to glucose-1-phosphate and glycogen

A

glycogenolysis

51
Q

Anaerobic glycolysis In Gl and liver

A

in NADH/NAD+ ratio compared to muscles – oxidize lactate from blood to pyruvate through gluconeogenesis or in the citric acid cycle

USAGPAN Biochemistry (8 decks)

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